太湖丘陵地区农田氮素迁移的时空分布特征

在太湖丘陵地区选择4种有代表性的土地利用类型进行野外原位试验,研究自然降雨条件下氮素随地表径流迁移的时空分布特征.试验结果表明,随地表径流迁移的农田氮素以氨氮为主,其“次降雨径流平均浓度”中位值占总氮的44.5%,亚硝态氮浓度最小,仅占1.8%.地表径流中的氮素浓度存在显著的季节性差异,其分布主要受降水量、气温等气象条件以及农事活动的影响.总氮、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的“多场降雨径流平均浓度”的时间变异性依次减小.菜地径流中总氮、氨氮和硝态氮以及竹林亚硝态氮的SMC值最高,不同土地利用下氮素浓度的空间分布主要与施肥条件以及植被覆盖度有关.各氮素形态SMC值的空间变异性小于其时间变异性.旱地和菜地的氮素迁移通量大于板栗林和竹林,径流量是导致迁移通量存在显著差异的主导因素.     

基于淡水资源账户和污染账户的生态足迹改进模型

论文通过增加淡水资源账户和污染账户,对通用的生态足迹模型进行改进,弥补了生态足迹模型中对淡水资源和对生态系统消纳污染物描述的不足,增强了生态足迹模型计测的准确性;同时以实际土地平均生产力法对东江流域涉及地市赣州、 梅州、 河源、 韶关、 惠州、 广州、 东莞和深圳等城市2008年的产量因子进行调整,计算了东江流域涉及8市2008年的生态足迹。结果表明:①2008年东江流域涉及各市的生态足迹和生态承载力差异较大,意味着各市之间的社会经济状况和资源禀赋大不相同。总的人均生态足迹的空间分布为除惠州和深圳外,有由上游至中下游增加的趋势;除淡水外的可利用人均生态承载力的空间分布,则呈现由上游至中下游减少的趋势。②生态足迹的空间变化随人均GDP和/或城镇人口比例的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,这一结论或许能给流域内外的其他城市就如何减少乃至消除区域生态赤字提供一点启示,指出其经济社会发展的道路和下一步应该努力的方向。③各市除淡水外的总生态足迹均大于其生态承载力,因而整个流域不同程度地均存在生态赤字,即按照当前状况,这些地区都需要继续从区域以外的地方输入自然产品和资源及能源才能维持正常的发展。     

利用马尔柯夫过程预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的变化

以我国北方典型草原模式地段之一的锡林河流域草原为研究对象,根据研究区两个时期遥感影像解译的植被类型图衍生出草原植被退化图。在对草原退化图统一网格化后,计算各网格草原退化指数,并加以分级,确定不同草原退化等级之间转移概率,并应用马尔柯夫模型预测锡林河流域草原退化格局的演变趋势。结果表明:如果不采取防止草地退化的根本性措施,草原退化态势还将继续下去。以每个网格草原退化指数值为各网格草原退化状况划分依据,以3km×3km网格为统计单元,在流域总面积为10701km₂情况下,预测结果是:2005年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格总面积是3776km₂,占流域总面积的35.29%;4、5级网格面积之和为5427km₂,达到流域总面积的50.71%。2025年,锡林河流域草原退化为3级的网格面积总和是3389km₂,占流域总面积的31.67%;4、5级网格面积之和为6406km₂,达到流域总面积的59.86%。     

锡林河流域生态系统服务价值变化研究

论文采用Costanza等人的生态系统服务评价方法对锡林河流域生态系统服务功能价值变化进行研究,结果表明,在1987～2000年的13年间,锡林河流域各类生态系统每年提供的服务总价值下降了31.6%,其中,草原生态系统服务价值从5.13×10⁸美元降至4.38×10⁸美元,下降13.3%;湿地生态系统服务的总价值由2.62×10⁸美元下降为0.9×10⁸美元,下降了65.1%;而农田生态系统服务价值由0.01×10⁸美元上升到0.03×10⁸美元,增加了200%。在草原生态系统服务功能总价值中,绣线菊草原、贝加尔针茅草原、羊草杂草类草原和羊草丛生禾草草原等优质草原所占的比重在逐渐减小,克氏针茅草原、冷蒿草原等退化类型所占的比重在逐渐增加,说明锡林河流域草原生态系统退化严重。该流域生态系统服务功能价值的下降与生态系统的退化和面积的减小有关。     

近50a海河流域降水丰枯遭遇分析

针对海河流域洪水资源利用的迫切需求,基于39 个气象站点近50 a 长系列降水数据(1951—2008 年),利用Copula 连接函数,揭示海河流域内部南北山区与平原区之间的降水丰枯遭遇情况,为缺水的海河流域洪水资源利用与管理提供决策依据。研究表明,海河流域各区受到同一天气状况影响较大,同一水系在山区和平原区的降水同丰、同枯概率均在20%以上,其中同枯的概率更大(北部水系25%,南部水系31%);同一水系内山区丰水与平原区枯水的遭遇概率小于6%,降水丰、枯互补性较差;但不同水系之间的山区与平原区降水丰枯遭遇概率为9%。从全流域的角度,考虑南北水系之间调水,将有助于海河流域洪水资源的开发利用。     

东洞庭湖世界涉危鸟类多样性的分析研究

为了探讨湿地自然保护区综合措施的实施对鸟类多类性的影响,本文分析比较了东洞庭湖自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,在1992-1996年间世界濒危鸟类多样性的动态变化。自1992年加入国际《湿地公约》后,尽管对洞庭湖湿地及其内栖息的生物采取了诸多保护措施,但仍发现世界濒危鸟类多样性的值并未如人们所期望迅速有所回升,而是呈弱递减趋势。东洞庭湖湿地的世界濒危鸟类多样性大小状况为:1992-1993>1993-1994>1994-1995>1995-1996。因为湿地环境的客观改善勿容质疑,为此得出结论:鸟类多样性的恢复存在滞缓期。并且作者对退化湿地生态系统的恢复途径进行了讨论,提出合理化建议:(1)应该根据湿地演替的规律进行认为辅助演替。(2)保证湿地环境的稳定性,增加净生产力,使鸟类的基础饵料丰富充足。     

巢湖流域水污染防治研究

从区域的角度分析了巢湖流域的全局及局部水环境的现状和污染原因，并从生态防治和技术性防治的角度进行了相关研究，在湖泊水体的内源污染控制和新技术上进行了探讨。     

Isolated Spring Wetlands in the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts,USA: Potential Response of Vegetation to Groundwater Withdrawal

Desert springs, often the sole sources of water for wildlife and cattle, support wetland and wetland/upland transition ecosystems including rare and endemic species. In the basin and range province in Nevada, USA, springs in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts are sustained by interconnected deep carbonate and shallow basin-fill aquifers which are threatened by proposed groundwater withdrawal to sustain rapidly expanding urban areas, a common problem in arid regions worldwide. This paper draws on historic groundwater data, groundwater modeling, and studies of environmental controls of spring ecosystems to speculate on the potential effects of groundwater withdrawal and water table decline on spring-supported vegetation. The focus is on springs in the Great Basin and Mojave deserts representative of those that may be affected by future, planned groundwater withdrawal. Groundwater withdrawal is expected to reduce spring discharge directly through reduced flows from the shallow basin-fill aquifer or through reduction of the hydraulic head of the deep carbonate aquifer. This flow reduction will truncate the outflow stream, reducing the areal cover of wetland and wetland/upland transition vegetation. Lowering the local water table may also reduce the amount of upland phreatophytic vegetation by causing water levels to drop below plant rooting depths. Percolation of salts to surface soils may be reduced, eventually altering desert shrub cover from halophytes to nonhalophytes. The extent of these effects will vary among springs, based on their distance from extraction sites and location relative to regional groundwater flow paths. On-site monitoring of biotic variables (including cover of selected hygrophytes and phreatophytes) should be a necessary complement to the planned monitoring of local hydrologic conditions.     

Roofing as a source of nonpoint water pollution

Sixteen wooden structures with two roofs each were installed to study runoff quality for four commonly used roofing materials (wood shingle, composition shingle, painted aluminum, and galvanized iron) at Nacogdoches, Texas. Each roof, either facing NW or SE, was 1.22 m wide x 3.66 m long with a 25.8% roof slope. Thus, there were 32 alternatively arranged roofs, consisting of four roof types x two aspects x four replicates, in the study. Runoff from the roofs was collected through galvanized gutters, downspouts, and splitters. The roof runoff was compared to rainwater collected by a wet/dry acid rain collector for the concentrations of eight water quality variables, i.e. Cu(2+), Mn(2+), Pb(2+), Zn(2+), Mg(2+), Al(3+), EC and pH. Based on 31 storms collected between October 1997 and December 1998, the results showed: (1) concentrations of pH, Cu, and Zn in rainwater already exceed the EPA freshwater quality standards even without pollutant inputs from roofs, (2) Zn and Cu, the two most serious pollutants in roof runoff, exceeded the EPA national freshwater water quality standards in virtually 100% and more than 60% of the samples, respectively, (3) pH, EC, and Zn were the only three variables significantly affected by roofing materials, (4) differences in Zn concentrations were significant among all roof types and between all roof runoff and rainwater samples, (5) although there were no differences in Cu concentrations among all roof types and between roof runoff and rainwater, all means and medians of runoff and rainwater exceeded the national water quality standards, (6) water quality from wood shingles was the worst among the roof types studied, and (7) although SE is the most frequent and NW the least frequent direction for incoming storms, only EC, Mg, Mn, and Zn in wood shingle runoff from the SE were significantly higher than those from the NW; the two aspects affected no other elements in runoff from the other three roof types. Also, Zn concentrations from new wood-shingle roofs were significantly higher than those from aged roofs of a previous study. The study demonstrated that roofs could be a serious source of nonpoint water pollution. Since Zn is the most serious water pollutant and wood shingle is the worst of the four roof types, using less compounds and materials associated with Zn along with good care and maintenance of roofs are critical in reducing Zn pollution in roof runoff.     

锡林河流域地表水水化学主离子特征及控制因素

通过对2006~2008年锡林河主要径流期内13个河水断面239个水样以及同期地下水和大气降水主离子水化学进行分析,结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料,利用Piper三线图和Gibbs图分析了锡林河河水的水化学特征及主离子组成变化特征.结果表明,锡林河河水TDS变化范围在136.7~376.5 mg·L-1之间,平均245.1 mg·L-1,为低矿化度河水;河水中主要阳离子以Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,河水的水化学类型从HCO-3-Ca2+过渡到HCO-3-Ca2+·Mg2+;河水主离子平均浓度年内、年际变化均不大,年内变化表现在5月主离子浓度高于其他月,年际变化表现为主离子在2007年的平均浓度均较小;空间上,Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、Cl-和HCO-3的浓度呈现沿程逐渐增加的趋势,SO2-4的浓度变化呈先增加后减小的趋势;河水中主离子浓度值介于大气降水和地下水之间,并且十分接近地下水浓度,说明地表水同时受大气降水和地下水补给并主要依靠地下水补给;Gibbs图显示河水离子组成主要与流域内的岩石风化有关,流域有一定量的蒸发岩存在,但蒸发岩对水化学的贡献弱于碳酸盐岩.