东北地区粮食生产及其可持续性因子分析

通过对东北地区耕地面积、粮食单产及总产的时间序列分析，揭示了该地区粮食生产发展趋势，并结合粮食生产发展的影响因子分析，探该区粮食生产可持续发展的影响因子，指出今后提高粮食生产的途径。     

daNUbs: Lessons learned for nutrient management in the Danube Basin and its relation to Black Sea euthrophication

The results of the daNUbs-project deliver a basis for a proper management of nutrients in the Danube Basin. The understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of nutrients in the Basin and their effects on the Western ad North-Western Black Sea (WBS) ecosystem has been improved. Quantitative models on the emission of nutrients, their transport along the rivers, and their impact on the WBS have been further developed and combined. Phosphorus loads discharged by the Danube are 30-50% lower than in the 1980s (dissolved P even to a higher extent). Nitrogen emissions have decreased considerably as well. The lower nutrient discharges from the Danube have led to a significant improvement in the WBS ecosystem. Current low discharges of N and P to the WBS are the result of (1) improved nutrient removal from waste water in Germany, Austria, and Czech Republic, (2) reduced P-discharges from detergents and (3) the consequences of the economic crisis in central and eastern European countries following the political changes of 1989/1990. As the decrease is partly due to the economic breakdown in the formerly communist countries, economic development in these countries has to go along with proper nutrient management. Otherwise, the situation in the WBS ecosystem will deteriorate again.     

长江流域节水型社会建设特点与建设效益初探

长江丰富的水资源不仅是本流域的水源，也是我国水资源配置的战略水源。搞好长江流域节水型社会建设，对保证本流域及全国经济社会可持续发展均具有非常重要的意义。基于流域自然资源、社会经济、环境质量三大背景，对长江流域节水型社会建设特点进行了初步探索，认为“节流减污”和“水资源南北优化”是长江流域节水型社会建设的两大基本特点。从经济、社会和环境3方面对节水型社会建设效益进行了简单地定性和定量分析，初步认定，建设长江流域节水型社会将会取得较大效益。     

汉江上游小流域土地利用及水土流失初探

汉江流域丹江口库区是南水北调中线工程的水源地，其周边及上游流域生态环境对于保证库区生态安全具有重要意义。利用汉江上游流域的数字高程模型进行子流域划分，分析了汉江上游及子流域的土地利用／土地覆盖特征，并结合利用土壤侵蚀强度分级标准和数字高程图（DEM），对流域的水土流失进行初步估算。研究结果表明，除丹江口库区周边及汉中盆地的森林灌丛覆盖率相对较低之外，其它亚流域的森林覆盖率都在50％以上。上游中部地区的水土流失现象较为严重，尤其是大巴山的北坡和秦岭的旬河流域，而汉中盆地与丹江口库区周边的水土流失相对较轻。研究结果可为流域的环境治理及生态恢复提供支撑，对南水北调中线工程水源地保障具有重要意义。     

东太湖的由来及其演变趋势

在太湖的历史中,洞庭东山仅仅是太湖中的一个孤岛,由于它周围逐步被淤后和太湖平原连结在一起形成了东山半岛,东山半岛把整个大太湖水面分隔成“东太湖”与“西太湖”。“东太湖”的面积只占整个大太湖总面积的5.6%,而汛期时,其行洪水量却占整个太湖行洪总量的71.9%。治理东太湖,延长太湖的衰亡过程,对太湖地区的防洪抗灾工作有很重要的积极意义。     

Is the EU WFD suitable to support IWRM planning in non-European countries? Lessons learnt from the introduction of IWRM and River Basin Management in Mongolia

The Water Framework Directive (EU WFD, 2000/60EC, European Commission, 2000) is a comprehensive tool for water management taking Europe’s diverse national and local policy contexts into account. This has positioned the EU WFD as a potential tool to enhance the implementation of the globally-promoted integrated water resources management concept (IWRM) in developing and transition countries that to date lack comparable regulations. Using the case of Mongolia, a country that has shown interest in using aspects of the EU WFD for implementing its IWRM concept, we will discuss the extent to which the EU WFD also provides a framework for IWRM outside Europe. We find that the EU WFD may provide guidance for the implementation of ecosystem-based River Basin Management (RBM) within an existing national IWRM concept, in terms of public participation and in terms of economic analysis. However, the application of concepts EU WFD is easier if strong political will, good monitoring capacities and a legislative backbone covering key IWRM principles and the capacity for enforcement are in place. Also, the EU-WFD does not provide guidance in terms of water-related issues that are e.g. addressing gender, poverty and capacity development. Thus, the EU WFD cannot serve as a blueprint, as it requires adaptation to the different socio-economic, cultural and political contexts of the implementing country and it does not inform all aspects of IWRM.     

Desertification and Sustainable Development of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

The Heihe River Basin of northwestern China is one of several areas severely affected by desertification. This article outlines the status of desertification in this basin. There are mainly 5 types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin, namely soil and water erosion, sandy desertification, soil aridization, soil salinization and vegetation degradation. Among the 5 types of desertification, the main desertification type is sandy desertification with an area of 10 771.97 km2; Second type is soil salinization with an area of 10 591.82 km2; Next to the soil salinization is the type of soil and water erosion with an area of 5 747.68 km2 and the other types of desertification in the Heihe River Basin are soil aridization with just area of 1 369.96 km2 and vegetation degradation type with an area of 1 490.48 km2 respectively. Both natural and man-made factors are responsible for the causes of desertification development, among which the latter is the main driving force for desertification in the basin.     

滇池流域土地利用变化对地下水水质的影响

土地利用变化影响着浅层地下水水质,以滇池流域为研究对象,综合运用遥感影像解译、马尔科夫转移矩阵和冗余分析,对近20年(2002～2020)滇池流域土地利用和浅层地下水质变化进行分析,揭示长时间尺度下土地利用变化对浅层地下水水质的影响.结果表明:2002和2020年滇池流域土地利用类型以草地、林地和耕地为主,分别占总面积20.91%和17.43%、43.21%和37.99%、22.11%和17.08%,2002～2020年间耕地向建筑用地和林地、林地向草地和耕地、草地向林地和建筑用地转移概率分别为22.59%和20.72%、13.16%和10.49%、26.30%和15.65%,耕地面积减少146km²,建筑用地面积增加279km².2002～2020年滇池流域浅层地下水化学类型由HCO₃^-·SO₄^2--Mg²⁺型转变为HCO₃^-·SO₄^2--Ca<...     

基于改进输出系数模型的非点源污染评估及关键源区识别：以北运河上游流域为例

非点源污染对水生态环境威胁极大,定量解析非点源污染空间分布特征和准确识别关键源区是实现其高效精准治理的基础.输出系数模型广泛应用于非点源污染的模拟,但该模型忽略污染物迁移过程中的损失量,需要进一步改进.以北运河上游流域为例,通过对非点源污染物迁移物理过程的模拟,量化产流、产沙和下渗过程中污染物的损失率改进输出系数模型,并分析Johnes、常用和改进输出系数模型的模拟精度,探究3个输出系数模型对非点源污染空间分布特征和关键源区模拟结果的影响.结果表明：(1)改进输出系数模型模拟误差(-6.79%)明显低于Johnes模型(50.44%)和常用模型(-84.01%),显著提高了非点源污染模拟精度.(2)不同输出系数模型得到的非点源污染空间分布特征和关键源区存在较大差异,改进的输出系数模型模拟结果更符合流域非点源污染特征.流域非点源污染呈西北部低东南部高的空间特征,城镇用地和耕地是主要污染源.(3)基于改进输出系数模型确定的流域非点源污染关键源区主要分布在昌平、沙河、史各庄、温泉乡北部和马连洼街道西部等区域,占流域总面积6.71%.研究可为缺资料地区的非点源污染评估和治理提供更有效的工具支撑...     

高寒干旱区地表水与地下水水化学特征及转换关系：以大通河流域为例

全球气候变暖和区域极端气候会导致高寒干旱山区平原降雨失衡、冰川融化和冻土退化,进而改变区域水文循环.其中,地表水与地下水转化关系是高寒干旱区水文循环气候响应的重要科学问题之一.以祁连山南麓大通河流域为研究区,基于119组基本水化学参数和38组氘氧同位素数据,利用多元统计分析和同位素技术,研究了流域地表水与地下水的水化学特征及其相互转化过程.结果表明,流域地表水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型水为主,受控于岩石风化作用;地下水以HCO₃-Mg·Ca型和Cl·SO₄-Na型水为主,受岩石风化作用和蒸发浓缩共同控制.上游地下水存在少量钙、镁长石的溶解,中游地下水化学组分主要为碳酸盐岩的风化溶解,下游地下水中各离子组分蒸发富集使地下水溶解性总固体升高.风化溶滤、人为活动、原生沉积环境、阳离子交替吸附及其他因素对研究区地表水和地下水化学组分的贡献率依次为39.1%、 15.0%、 12.6%、 13.8%和19.5%.δD和δ¹⁸O同位素测试结果表明,沿地下水流向大通河河水氘氧同位素含量呈富集到贫化的变化趋势,大通河...