疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征与成因

胡杨林对保护疏勒河中下游绿洲脆弱的生态平衡具有决定性作用。认识疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征与成因有利于胡杨林保护和更新复壮,促进研究区绿洲可持续发展。研究基于河西走廊疏勒河中下游绿洲天然胡杨林下8个采样点720个土壤样品,应用地统计学和数理统计学方法研究了胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征及其原因。结果表明:研究区土壤含水量随深度而增加,土壤全盐量变化与之相反,两者在80 cm土层之上变化剧烈,之下变化平缓;且明显存在着自中游向下游土壤含水量逐渐减小,土壤全盐量逐渐增大的空间差异。土壤水盐含量变异明显,但均属于中强度变异。自然和人为因素共同作用造成研究区土壤水盐空间分布差异显著。     

Spatial Variations of Heavy Metals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf Surface Sediments

Surface sediments collected from continental shelf of the East China Sea were analyzed for heavy metals (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, cadmium), carbonate, organic carbon contents, and grain sizes. the range of concentrations observed were iron: 0.3-1.3 wt%, manganese: 2.3-14 μmole/g, copper: 7.1-184 μmole/g, zinc: 0.16-0.77μmiole/g, lead: 15-98 μmole/g, cadmium: 0.17-3.9 μmole/g, carbonate: 3.6-87 wt%, sand: 10-100%, silt: 0-70% and clay: 0-50%.

A zonal distribution pattern of the heavy metals was found in the East China Sea Continental shelf sediments. High concentrations of most heavy metals, organic carbon and fine-grained sediments were observed in the inner shelf zone, especially those near the discharge of the Yangtze River. Concentrations of these heavy metals decreased from the inner shelf to the shelf break region. High concentrations of metals were also found in sediments near Taiwan. Iron concentrations decreased north-east of the central shelf region. High concentrations of cadmium were found in the shelf break region where biogenic carbonate is predominant. This study showed that biogenic carbonate in the East China Sea shelf break region and the terrigenous sediments from the Yangtze River and island of Taiwan were the major sources of heavy metals. Heavy metal concentrations were strongly influenced by the content of the coarse-grained quartz sand present in the sediments.     

民勤县生态经济功能区划

在分析石羊河流域下游民勤县生态经济系统结构与功能的基础上,建立生态经济功能区划指标体系,利用系统聚类方法对民勤县生态经济系统进行功能区划,将民勤县分为东北部沙盐地灌溉农业区、中心城镇综合发展区、西北部荒漠地生态保护区、东南部生态农业区和中部沿河农林牧业发展区5个功能区,并分析了民勤县各区域生态经济系统的结构与功能特点、改善途径及区域发展方向.     

Public involvement in the Red River Basin management decisions and preparedness for the next flood

Abstract

The focus of this study is public participation in the water resource and associated hazards management decision-making processes. It explores the importance, feasibility, and effectiveness of public participation in the flood management, decision-making process, with particular attention to the case of the Red River Basin of Manitoba, Canada. The nature and efficacy of public participation in the hearings conducted by the International Joint Commission (IJC) in the aftermath of the 1997 Red River flood are critically reviewed. The results of the analysis suggest that the IJC has been more sensitive to the views of the public and concerned stakeholders than the Red River Basin Task Force. The IJC incorporated a substantial portion of the opinions, suggestions, and concerns expressed by the public into the final recommendations produced by the commission for the Canadian and American federal governments. Public participation was an integral component of the IJC hearings, and was expected to contribute to flood preparedness in the future. The reasons for such accommodation of public and the stakeholders' views in decision-makingare primarily attributed to making the proposed projects and programs socio-economically and politically feasible. Because of their general characteristics, the lessons from the case of the Red River Basin could be used as an effective tool in other resource and environmental hazard management areas.     

三峡库区小城镇污水处理工艺现状调查

通过对三峡库区重庆段小城镇10家污水处理厂处理工艺和运行效果的调查,针对库区情况,分析比较了所调研污水处理厂使用工艺的处理效果、运行稳定性、自控要求、二次污染(剩余污泥产量)等技术指标以及建设投资、占地面积、处理成本、能耗等经济指标。对三峡库区小城镇排水工程规划建设,污水处理工艺的选择与开发,污水处理方案的优化提出明确的技术经济指标和建议。     

An evaluation of occupational accidents in the wooden furniture industry - A regional study in South East Asia

Studies on the rate of occupational accidents among workers in the wooden furniture industry is sparse, although the industry is deemed to be highly accident prone. Therefore, the rate of occupational accidents among workers in the wooden furniture industry in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam were studied, in 240 furniture manufacturing factories, using a structured questionnaire. The findings of the study suggest that contract workers are less prone to occupational accidents compared to their permanent counterparts, and hence, are more productive. Further, the results also revealed that the contract workers have a more positive attitude towards the work, and hence, pick up the essentials of safe working practices quickly. It must therefore be recognized that the “production oriented mentality” prevalent in the wooden furniture industry, which has been argued to compromise occupational safety and health standards in the industry may be debatable. In this context, it is essential for the policy makers to re-examine the employment of contract workers for the furniture manufacturing industry, as changing the psycho-economic parameters of the industry may be warranted before the industry is deemed attractive to a permanent workforce.     

新疆塔里木河流域洪水发生率非平稳性特征及气候变化影响研究

新疆洪水灾害近年来有加剧趋势,但其特征与机理尚未有深入探讨。论文利用核估计和Bootstrap方法深入分析新疆塔里木河（塔河）流域洪水发生率的非平稳性及不确定性,同时采用广义可加模型（GAMLSS）构建洪水发生频率与协变量（大气环流因子、降水和气温指标等）的关系并定量辨识主要影响因子。研究表明：1）塔河流域洪水在1960年代左右和1990年代左右两个时期高频发生,两个洪水高发期之间洪水发生次数多为2或3次,且与极端降水发生次数较为吻合;2）洪水发生率呈现显著非平稳性,从1990年左右洪水发生次数持续上升,并达到峰值,表明洪水发生频率及强度呈加剧趋势;3）冬季AMO和AO是影响新疆塔河流域洪水发生的重要因子,而冬季NAO和SOI则是影响塔河流域5个州的洪水发生次数最为显著的大气环流指标。论文研究可为新疆塔河流域洪灾预测与预警及流域洪水管理提供关键理论依据。     

东苕溪水体氮、磷形态分析及其空间差异性

于2009~2011年在东苕溪开展了4次全流域野外调研,系统分析了东苕溪水体氮、磷形态特征及其空间差异性.东苕溪可分为上游、中-上游、中-下游3个河段,分别具有山溪性河流、城镇影响河流、平原型河道特征.结果表明,水体中氮以溶解态为主,硝态氮(NO₃^--N)是溶解态总氮(DTN)的主要形态;颗粒态磷比例略高,溶解态总磷(DTP)的相对贡献沿程降低.溶解态有机氮(DON)、磷(DOP)分别占DTN和DTP比例的22%、42%,且TN与DON、TP与DOP之间显著正相关.中-上游河段的氨氮(NH₄⁺-N),DOP和溶解性正磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)含量最高且电导率与NH₄⁺-N、DOP之间存在显著正相关,表明城镇污、废水排放影响水体氮、磷含量及形态特征;浊度与各形态磷之间均存在极显著正相关,河段下游开矿、行船及挖沙引起的矿质颗粒输入或沉积物再悬浮是磷素的重要来源,但水体中部分溶解态磷吸附在矿质颗粒表面形成胶体物质,导致中-下游河段DTP略有降低.     

太湖流域西部圩区陆地生态系统维持和调节功能量化评估

圩区是南方平原水网地区一种重要的地理单元,圩区陆地生态系统维持和调节功能的研究对于圩区内的土地利用优化、生态环境保护与恢复等都有重要的意义。研究选取太湖流域西部地区的圩区,采用物质量评估的方法,对陆地生态系统的水量调节、净化环境、土壤保持和生境维持等4 种类型的生态服务功能进行了量化评估,研究结果表明：①圩区陆地生态系统年可调节水量43.71×10⁸ m³,削减总氮6 079.72 t,削减总磷734.99 t,保持土壤150.76×10⁴ t,景观综合指数介于0.96~1.11 之间,体现出较大的服务价值;②圩区陆地生态系统维持和调节功能的总量和单位面积量在空间上都存在差异性。从总量来看,宜兴、溧阳和金坛各市区较高,武进、丹徒和丹阳的服务功能总量较低,地形及水系分布是造成这一差异的主要原因;从单位面积的服务功能量来看,丹徒和丹阳较高,金坛、溧阳和宜兴处于一般水平,武进最低,圩区内土地利用方式的不同是造成这一差异的主要原因;③圩内生态系统服务功能的管理和恢复应参考服务能力大小,因地制宜区别对待。生态服务功能较强的市区,应发挥其生态功能的优势;生态服务功能较弱的地区,应采取一定的措施对其生态服务功能进行恢复;④研究成果对于圩内生态环境保护与恢复、土地利用结构优化等也具有参考价值。     

柴达木盆地植被生长时空变化特征及其对气候要素的响应

以2001-2010 年MODIS NDVI 植被数据为基础,并结合该区同期气温和降水量数据,采用线性趋势分析、偏相关分析、Hurst 指数等数理分析方法,研究了近10 a 来柴达木盆地植被时空变化特征、影响因素及未来可能的变化趋势。结果表明：①2001-2010 年柴达木盆地植被生长季NDVI平均值（NDVI）呈显著增加趋势,线性增长率为0.041/10 a。柴达木盆地主要植被类型灌丛、草原、荒漠NDVI 的线性增长率分别为0.043/10 a、0.034/10 a、0.028/10 a;②柴达木盆地植被变化具有阶段性特征,整体呈“S”型增长,具有两次明显的植被快速增长期;③柴达木盆地植被改善面积占研究区总面积的12.43%,并主要分布在布尔汉布达山、祁漫塔格山、鄂拉山、柴达木山、宗务隆山的高山区,冬给措纳湖周边和绿洲核心区。植被退化面积仅占研究区总面积的0.35%,并主要分布在绿洲边缘区,特别是柴达木河绿洲和那陵格勒河绿洲的中下游地区;④植被NDVI 与1-5 月平均气温以及5-8 月可利用降水量呈显著正相关关系,植被生长与温度呈显著正相关的区域主要分布在绿洲核心区及高山区,占植被区面积的8.36%,植被生长与可利用降水量呈显著正相关的区域主要分布在低山区及山地河谷地带,占植被区面积的30.95%;⑤植被生长季延长和生长加速是柴达木盆地植被NDVI 增加的主要原因,气候的暖湿化是促使柴达木盆地植被改善的主要驱动力;⑥柴达木盆地植被改善具有强持续性,未来大部分区域植被将持续改善。