证据权法在滑坡易发性分区中的应用——以贵州桐梓河流域为例

应用证据权法对研究区进行滑坡易发性分区。主要数据源有:历史滑坡灾害点编录数据、地质图、地形图、数字高程模型。首先对数据源进行处理,生成地层岩性、离断层距离、高程、坡度、坡向、离道路距离、离河流距离7个证据图层。应用Arc GIS平台,将各证据图层与滑坡灾害点图层进行叠加分析,利用累积权重法对连续数据进行分级,然后求取对连续数据及分类数据因子等级对滑坡灾害贡献的权重值,然后对各证据图层两两进行条件独立性检验,选择4组证据图层组合,参与最终易发性指数计算,得到4幅易发性结果图。应用成功率曲线法对计算结果进行验证,表明由因子组合1得出的计算结果,为最优的因子组合。根据易发性指数将研究区分为高易发性、中等易发性、低易发性三类,并将分区图与历史灾害点进行叠加分析,结果表明评价结果与灾害点分布较为吻合,说明证据权法应用与滑坡灾害易发性分区的可行性。     

水利工程群应对干旱能力评价方法及应用

基于水利工程群应对干旱能力的影响因素分析,从水利工程的布局、规模和运行管理两个层面构建水利工程群应对干旱能力评价指标体系。综合层次分析法和熵值法两种确定权重的方法,确定各评价指标的组合权重,采用模糊综合评价法构建了水利工程群应对干旱能力评价模型。该评价模型在漳卫河流域的应用结果表明,该流域整体应对干旱能力水平较弱,未来需要加强对现有水利工程体系的科学调度管理,并充分利用流域外调水提高干旱应对能力。     

Aquatic ecological health assessment of Shaying River Basin based on indices of physico-chemistry and aquatic organisms北大核心CSCD

With a variety of ecosystem services, river ecosystem plays an important role in the process of human society development. On the other hand, health condition of most aquatic ecosystems is seriously threatened by human activities. Restoring and maintaining a healthy ecosystem has already become a vital goal of river management. As a basis of river management, river health assessment is therefore particularly important. Based on indices of physics, chemistry and aquatic organisms, this research tried to establish a comprehensive evaluation system of aquatic ecological health suitable for the situation of Shaying River Basin. The system included 6 factors including riparian zone, river morphology, nutrients, oxygen balance, periphyton and benthic macroinvertebrates, which were defined into 19 indices reflecting the aquatic ecological health from different aspects. The assessment results indicated that the health condition of overall basin was normal, varying among different parts of the region, with Shahe River, Lihe River and Beiru River in the upper part sub-healthy, and Jialu River in the same part sub-sick. The middle region was generally in normal or sub-sick level; the health condition of the lower part was comparatively better due to a good condition. Within the indices, the nutrients and benthic macroinvertebrates were the major constraining factors to the health condition of Shaying River Basin for their poor health condition. The health conditions showed significant differences among the rivers (P < 0.01), with Jialu River being the worst. The result indicated that the aquatic ecological health of Shaying River Basin is affected by many factors, with urban and industrial sewage being the main ones, And that different protective measures should be employed for rivers of different conditions. The result can provide theoretical basis for the ecological restoration of Shaying River Basin and reasonable exploitation and conservation of the water resource of the whole Huaihe River Basin.     

潮滩湿地土壤有机碳储量及其与土壤理化因子的关系——以崇明东滩为例

基于上海崇明东滩2013年3月的实测数据,借助ArcGIS软件进行Kriging空间插值,运用SPSS 21.0软件进行相关分析及通径分析,研究了崇明东滩表层30 cm深度土壤有机碳含量以及环境因子的空间分布特征,并对土壤有机碳储量进行了估算.结果表明,崇明东滩表层30 cm深度土壤有机碳密度介于1.02～5.22kg· m-2之间,平均值为2.32 kg·m-2,土壤有机碳储量为1.15×10s kg.土壤有机碳含量、土壤全盐量、含水量和NDVI指数的空间分布规律类似,呈现北高南低、高潮滩高而低潮滩低的趋势.中值粒径和容重的空间分布规律类似,表现为北低南高,高潮滩小于低潮滩.高程和pH值的空间分布规律不明显,空间变异性较小.7项环境因子与土壤有机碳含量都存在显著相关性,其中土壤全盐量是影响崇明东滩表层土壤有机碳含量的最主要因子.     

Using Fly Ash as a Marker to Quantify Culturally‐Accelerated Sediment Accumulation in Playa Wetlands

Wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska are vulnerable to sediment accumulation from the surrounding watershed. Sediment accumulation has a negative impact on wetland quality by decreasing the depth and volume of water stored, and the plant community species composition and density growing in the wetland. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of sediment that has accumulated in five selected wetlands in the Rainwater Basin in Nebraska. Soil cores were taken at five or six locations along transects across each wetland. This study used the fly ash, which is generated by coal‐burning locomotives that were present generally in the late 1800s and early 1900s, as a marker to quantify the sediment deposition rates. The cores were divided into 5 cm sections and the soils were analyzed using a fly ash extraction and identification technique. Results indicate that the average depth of sediment ranged from 23.00 to 38.00 cm. The annual average depth of sediment accumulation ranged from 0.18 cm/yr to 0.29 cm/yr. The annual sediment accumulation rate from both wind erosion and water erosion in these five sampling wetlands was between 1.946 and 3.225 kg/m²/yr. The results of this research can be used to develop restoration plans for wetlands. The fly ash testing technology can also be applied to other areas with the railroads across the United States.     

吉林省辽河流域生态系统服务价值对LUCC的响应分析

基于1989年和2012年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像解译数据研究了吉林省辽河流域土地利用变化特征,应用Constanza生态系统服务价值计算方法,估算了23a间研究区生态系统服务价值,分析土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响.研究结果表明,1989—2012年辽河流域土地利用/植被覆盖发生了大幅变化,耕地、居民用地分别增加20.28%和7.09%,其增加值主要来自林地、草地、水域和湿地;生态系统服务价值整体呈下降的趋势,由125.30亿元降至114.41亿元,损失10.89亿元,动态度为-0.38%;其中双辽市损失最为严重,损失率达21.41%;耕地的开发导致湿地和水域退化,是生态系统服务价值下降的主要因素.     

蒲河流域污染源水污染物监测指标筛选研究

科学合理的监测指标对污染源水污染物总量监控体系的构建至关重要。针对监测指标单一、缺乏代表污染源排污情况的特征性监测指标,开展污染源监测指标的优化与筛选。以示范区蒲河流域内机制纸及纸板制造行业为研究对象,采用综合评分法和三参量综合评价指数法进行监测指标的优化与筛选,建立了由COD、氨氮、悬浮物、油类、硫化物、氯化物、挥发酚及AOX等8项监测指标组成的指标体系,为构建动态、智能的辽河流域水环境安全及污染物总量监控体系提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Sources and characteristics of fine particles over the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea using online single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

Marine aerosols over the East China Seas are heavily polluted by continental sources. During the Chinese Comprehensive Ocean Experiment in November 2012, size and mass spectra of individual atmospheric particles in the size range from 0.2 to 2.0 μm weremeasured onboardby a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS). The average hourly particle number (PN) was around 4560 ± 3240 in the South Yellow Sea (SYS), 2900 ± 3970 in the North Yellow Sea (NYS), and 1700 ± 2220 in the Bohai Sea (BS). PN in NYS and BS varied greatly over 3 orders of magnitude, while that in SYS varied slightly. The size distributions were fitted with two log-normal modes. Accumulation mode dominated in NYS and BS, especially during episodic periods. Coarse mode particles played an important role in SYS. Particles were classified using an adaptive resonance theory based neural network algorithm (ART-2a). Six particle types were identified with secondary-containing, aged sea-salt, soot-like, biomass burning, fresh sea-salt, and lead-containing particles accounting for 32%, 21%, 18%, 16%, 4%, and 3% of total PN, respectively. Aerosols in BS were relatively enriched in particles from anthropogenic sources compared to SYS, probably due to emissions from more developed upwind regions and indicating stronger influence of continental outflowonmarine environment. Variation of source types dependedmainly on origins of transported air masses. This study examined rapid changes in PN, size distribution and source types of fine particles in marine atmospheres. It also demonstrated the effectiveness of high-time-resolution source apportionment by ART-2a.     

战略环境评价方法在多瑙河流域规划中的应用

战略环评是对政府政策、规划及计划的环境影响评价,是在政策、规划及计划出台和编制前期介入的一项有效的分析工具。但是,受技术方法、法律和政策等因素影响,战略环评方法在我国的应用仍处于起步阶段。本文归纳总结了战略环评方法的基本特征和步骤,并结合多瑙河流域规划的编制过程,系统说明战略环评方法的应用,最后针对战略环评方法在环境规划领域的应用提出了具体建议。     

冬季中国东海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的组成与来源分析

运用离子色谱对2009年冬季中国东海大气气溶胶中水溶性离子Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、CH3SO3-（MSA）、Na＋、K＋、NH 4＋、Mg2＋、Ca2＋进行了测定,同时由SPSS（statistical package for social sciences）软件进行相关性分析探讨其来源.分析结果表明,气溶胶中二...