Identifying the European Fossil Fuel Plumes in the Atmosphere Over the Northeast Atlantic Region Through Isotopic Observations and Numerical Modelling

As part of the Danish NEAREX project the origin and variability of anthropogenic atmospheric CO₂ over the Northeast Atlantic Region (NEAR) has been studied. The project consisted of a combination of experimental and modelling activities. Local volunteers operated CO₂ sampling stations, built at University of Copenhagen, for ¹⁴C analysis at four locations (East Denmark, Shetland Isles, Faroe Isles and Iceland). The samples were only collected during winter periods of south-easterly winds in an attempt to trace air enriched in fossil-fuel derived CO₂ due to combustion of fossil fuels within European countries. In order to study the transport and concentration fields over the region in detail, a three-dimensional Eulerian hemispheric air pollution model has been extended to include the main anthropogenic sources for atmospheric CO₂. During the project period (1998–2001) only a few episodes of transport from Central Europe towards NEAR arose, which makes the data set for the evaluation of the method sparse. The analysed samples indicate that the signal for fossil CO₂, as expected, is largest (up to 3.7±0.4% fossil CO₂) at the Danish location closest to the European emissions areas and much weaker (up to ∼1.5±0.6% fossil CO₂) at the most remote location. As the anthropogenic signal is weak in the clean atmosphere over NEAR these numbers will, however, be very sensitive to the assumed background ¹⁴CO₂ activity and the precision of the measurements. The model simulations include the interplay between the driving processes from the emission into the boundary layer and the following horizontal/vertical mixing and atmospheric transport and are used to analyse the meteorological conditions leading to the observed events of high fossil CO₂ over NEAR. This information about the history of the air masses is essential if an observed signal is to be utilised for identifying and quantifying sources for fossil CO₂.     

Multiscale Spatial and Small-Scale Temporal Variation in the Composition of Riverine Fish Communities

We studied the multiscale (sites, river reaches and rivers) and short-term temporal (monthly) variability in a freshwater fish assemblage. We found that small-scale spatial variation and short-term temporal variability significantly influenced fish community structure in the Macquarie and Namoi Rivers. However, larger scale spatial differences between rivers were the largest source of variation in the data. The interaction between temporal change and spatial variation in fish community structure, whilst statistically significant, was smaller than the variation between rivers. This suggests that although the fish communities within each river changed between sampling occasions, the underlying differences between rivers were maintained. In contrast, the strongest interaction between temporal and spatial effects occurred at the smallest spatial scale, at the level of individual sites. This means whilst the composition of the fish assemblage at a given site may fluctuate, the magnitude of these changes is unlikely to affect larger scale differences between reaches within rivers or between rivers. These results suggest that sampling at any time within a single season will be sufficient to show spatial differences that occur over large spatial scales, such as comparisons between rivers or between biogeographical regions.     

呼伦贝尔市城郊河岸带土壤与河流沉积物重金属污染现状分析

河岸带类型对河流环境重金属富集具有显著影响,合理规划河岸环境,可以减缓河流周围土地的重金属污染对河流生态系统的影响。随着内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市工矿业、农牧业和旅游业的快速发展,频繁的人类活动会增加对河流周边重金属污染潜在威胁。为揭示呼伦贝尔市河流域环境重金属污染的现状、分布特征以及不同的河岸带类型对河流沉积物重金属污染的影响,在该区域采集了34个河岸带表层土壤和河流表层沉积物样品,并测定了6种重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn）含量,采用污染负荷指数法（pollution load index,PLI）对重金属污染情况进行评价。结果显示：6种重金属的平均含量分别为背景值的2.08倍、1.55倍、0.80倍、1.61倍、0.82倍、1.00倍,总体PLI为1.19,属轻度污染;河岸带的重金属污染程度总体高于河流,但是河流的重金属污染变率更大,相比之下重金属含量的最高值多出现于河流中;不同河岸带类型的PLI呈工业型河岸最高（1.535）、自然型河岸次之（1.126）、城市绿化河岸最低（1.030）、工矿业活动是区域重金属污染的主要源头,城市绿化型河岸带与自然型河岸带具有一定的缓解重...     

1994—2010年东亚地区CO2浓度变化特征及成因分析

在东亚地区选取5个大气本底观测站1994年以来观测的 CO2监测资料,分析了各站大气 CO2的时空变化特征,以及 CO2主要人为源的变化及其影响。结果表明,5个本底站大气 CO2年均值均呈明显升高趋势,2010年较1994年增长幅度为8．4％～9．0％;在北半球国家,CO2月均值有明显的季节变化,高值多出现在冬春等寒冷季节,低值多出现在夏季。减少化石燃料消耗量、增加森林覆盖率及农业覆盖率将对大气中 CO2有削减作用。     

辽河流域水生态分区研究

依据河流生态学中的格局与尺度理论,对流域水生态分区的内涵进行辨析,从理论上对区划方法进行了研究.通过对辽河流域自然要素及水生态特征的分析,建立了辽河流域水生态分区体系.明确了各级分区的主要内容与分区依据,提出了各级分区的特征指标,从而建立了流域水生态分区的指标与方法体系.结果表明,辽河流域包括2级水生态区,一级区可根据流域水资源空间特征差异进行划分,其目的是反映大尺度水文格局对水生态统的影响规律,二级区是根据地貌、植被、土壤和土地利用等自然要素进行划分,目的是反映流域尺度的地形、地貌及植被对河流栖息地环境特征的影响.在GIS技术支持下,采用多指标叠加分析和专家判断方法,将辽河流域划分为3个一级区、14个二级区,对不同分区的水生态系统特征及其所面临的生态环境问题进行了总结.对水生态分区在流域管理中的应用进行研究,提出了基于水生态区的环境管理技术支撑体系.     

吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险

为探讨中国葡萄主产区土壤重金属污染状况及生态风险,从吐鲁番盆地葡萄园采集了101个土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Hg等6种元素的浓度.利用地质累积指数(Igeo)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(IER),对葡萄园土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险进行了评估.结果 表明:吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤中...     

焉耆盆地水污染物总量控制研究

以控制博斯腾湖盐污染、有机污染和防止富营养化为目标,分区分阶段提出焉耆盆地主要水污染物的总量控制目标和方案,并进行了投资和目标可达性分析。      

TRANSPORT OF DIAZINON IN THE SAN JOAQUIN RIVER BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Most of the application of the organophosphate insecticide diazinon in the San Joaquin River Basin occurs in winter to control wood-boring insects in dormant almond orchards. A federalstate collaborative study found that diazinon accounted for most of the observed toxicity of San Joaquin River water in February 1993. Previous studies focused mainly on west-side inputs to the San Joaquin River. In this 1994 study, the three major east-side tributaries to the San Joaquin River - the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus rivers - and a downstream site on the San Joaquin River were sampled throughout the hydrographs of a late January and an early February storm. In both storms, the Tuolumne River had the highest concentrations of diazinon and transported the largest load of the three tributaries. The Stanislaus River was a small source in both storms. On the basis of previous storm sampling and estimated travel times, ephemeral west-side creeks probably were the main diazinon source early in the storms, whereas the Tuolumne and Merced rivers and east-side drainages directly to the San Joaquin River were the main sources later. Although 74 percent of diazinon transport in the San Joaquin River during 1991–1993 occurred in January and February, transport during each of the two 1994 storms was only 0.05 percent of the amount applied during preceding dry periods. Nevertheless, some of the diazinon concentrations in the San Joaquin River during the January storm exceeded 0.35 μ/L, a concentration shown to be acutely toxic to water fleas. On the basis of this study and previous studies, diazinon concentrations and streamflow are highly variable during January and February storms, and frequent sampling is required to evaluate transport in the San Joaquin River Basin.     

基于Kriging插值的1961~2005年淮河流域降水时空演变特征分析

利用淮河流域4省170个气象站点1961~2005年的降水观测数据,采用Kriging法对淮河流域各季及年降水量进行了插值,得到了1 km×1 km降水栅格序列。在此基础上,对淮河流域降水的时空格局及其变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：淮河流域降水量的空间分布基本呈南高北低、山区多于平原、近海多于内陆的格局。近45 a来淮河流域降水量的年际波动较为强烈,而变化趋势不显著。流域内汛期和年降水量的年代际变化则具有明显的阶段性,主要表现在20世纪90年代前基本为下降趋势,2000年后明显上升。当前,淮河流域正处于降水的高气候变率时期。45 a来,降水的空间格局发生了一定的变化,表现在淮河中上游和干流沿岸地区的降水量升高,而流域东北部的降水则呈下降趋势     

Heavy metal accumulation by freshwater hydrobionts in a mining area in the south of the Russian Far East

The contents of heavy metals (HMs) were studied in freshwater hydrobionts from the south of the Russian Far East, including the area of wastewater discharge from a lead smelter (the village of Rudnaya Pristan, Primorye). The results showed that most invertebrates disappeared from the ecosystem as the toxicity of the aquatic environment increased. Mollusks of the genus Lymnaea proved to be most tolerant of HM pollution. As the contents of Pb, Mn, Cd, and Zn in bottom sediments increased, the amounts of these metals in mollusk bodies increased as well but to a much lesser extent, with the intensity of HM accumulation decreasing at their higher concentrations in the environment. The range of HM concentrations accumulated in the bodies of limneids noticeably broadened with an increase in technogenic impact. This is evidence for differences in the efficiency of mechanisms regulating the contents of trace elements in individuals of the same species under conditions of extreme pollution.