准东煤田露天矿区土壤重金属污染现状评价及来源分析

为研究准东煤田露天矿区土壤重金属污染现状,分析了研究区Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Hg和As这6种土壤重金属含量水平,采用内梅罗指数法、地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对准东矿区土壤重金属进行评价,并利用分层比较、降尘法以及距离分析,结合统计分析法对金属污染来源进行分析.结果表明,与环境质量Ⅰ级标准相比,As超标最严重,Cr次之,Hg、Cu超标率较小,Zn、Pb未检出超限;以环境质量Ⅰ级标准为评价依据,研究区土壤重金属总体处于轻度污染水平,单项污染指数依次为As(2.07)Cr(0.95)Cu(0.55)Zn(0.48)Hg(0.45)Pb(0.38),除As为重度污染外,其他均为清洁水平;Hg的地质累积指数为1.14,为中度污染;研究区生态风险等级为中,主要贡献因子是Hg,生态危害系数为251.40;重金属来源分析表明:Pb在剖面中的变异性主要来自于煤炭燃烧或其他人为活动,Hg和As元素可能共同来源于煤炭燃烧的释放,距离矿区的远近不是影响重金属差异的主要因素,还可能与地形、坡向、风向等其他因素有关.     

墨水河流域分阶段综合治理规划研究

"十三五"期间,墨水河流域作为青岛市重点流域之一,要求全面消除城市黑臭水体,水环境质量得到阶段性改善。为实现这一目标,通过墨水河流域现状调查,找出流域内污染问题,从流域综合治理角度,结合水质改善目标与动态流量下的自净能力模拟计算,提出改善墨水河水环境的治理技术方案,实现全面消除劣V类水体、恢复水环境基本功能。     

太浦河流域锑污染环境风险评估

以太浦河流域为研究对象,从环境风险发生机理入手,分析流域内各环境风险要素之间互相影响及作用机制,基于环境风险受体、锑污染源和流域水文特征三方面构建环境风险评估体系,分析不同情景条件下流域发生锑污染的环境风险,并根据断面水质控制目标核算不同流量条件下流域的环境容量,为流域突发性水污染事件的应急响应和风险防范管理提供决策依据。     

陕西省渭河流域水质变化分析研究

针对陕西省渭河流域水质变化问题,采集该流域内2010年-2016年7个监测断面的水质数据,采用综合污染指数法对水质主要污染指标化学需氧量、氨氮的变化特征进行分析,分析结果表明选取的各断面6年间综合污染指数值总体呈下降趋势,最少的下降56.7％,最多的甚至下降90.6％,且渭河陕西干流断面水质明显优于支流断面水质.说明陕西省渭河流域水质逐年好转.最后根据水质监测与分析结果,给出水质污染状况变化的可能原因,并提出了一些水污染治理建议措施.     

Discriminating zooplankton assemblages through multivariate methods: A case for a tropical polluted harbour and Bar-built estuary

A comparative study (June-July 2001) on zooplankton community structure amid polluted conditions in a stagnant harbour and relatively unaffected tidal estuary near Visakhapatnam, on the east coast of India, revealed a marked disparity in species composition and abundance. While the harbour supported a rich population of calanoids (46.4%), the estuary sustained mostly cyclopoids (55.2%). Univariate and multivariate techniques (species diversity, clustering, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and one-way ANOSIM) revealed the existence of two differing zooplankton assemblages and associated water quality (similarity 50.6%). While the estuary is typified by high amounts of dissolved silica (67.4 ± 17.7 μmol l^-1) linked with monsoon influx, the harbour waters revealed abnormal levels of phosphate (40.9 ± 9.2 μmol l^-1) and nitrate (15.3 ± 5.41 μmol l^{- 1}) suggestive of intense eutrophication, caused by the discharge of fertilizer-factory waste and domestic sewage. On the basis of routines (e.g. BVSTEP, SIMPER) implemented in Plymouth Routines in Multivariate Ecological Research, it was possible to demonstrate that while species such as Oithona rigida, Oithona brevicornis, crustacean nauplii, gastropod veligers, Acartia spinicauda, and Acartia centrura played a key role in discriminating the zooplankton assemblage in the estuary, Acrocalanus spp. (mainly Acrocalanus gracilis) played a keyed role in harbour waters. Canonical Correspondence Analysis revealed species-environment relationships; for example, while the distribution of Oithona spp. and its associates in the estuary corresponded intimately with high silicate, temperature, and low salinity, it was high salinity, phosphate, and nitrate in the harbour channel that supported a different assemblage of copepods dominated by calanoids.     

近40年阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及影响因素研究

利用1961—2000年近40a的气温、降水、冻土深度等逐月资料及年蒸发量资料和20世纪50年代初或中期建站起到90年代中期径流逐月实测资料．分析20世纪下半期阿克苏河流域径流变化特征及其与气候变化的关系．同时分析人类活动对径流变化的影响作用。研究表明：阿克苏河流域普遍存在升温的变化趋势，尤其是冬季升温明显；同时导致冻土层温度的升高和冻土退化；流域内降水增加趋势明显。1990年以后径流增加趋势更加明显．从年内变化分析来看。流域内各水文站春、夏季径流有明显的增大趋势；秋、冬季径流减少明显；分析径流的变化特点．主要还受到流域地表状况变化、大面积开荒及上游水库调节等人类经济活动作用的影响。     

Relationship between catchment characteristics and forms of nitrogen in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China

The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types including headwater in mountainous areas (type I), agricultural non-point source (NPS) pollution in rural areas (type II), municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas (type III), and combined pollution in the main stream (type IV). Water samples were collected monthly from July 2003 to June 2006 in the Cao-E River basin in Zhejiang, Eastern China. The concentrations of NO3-N, NH4+-N, and total nitrogen (TN) were measured. The mean concentrations of NO3-N were in the order type IV > type II> type III > type I, whereas, NH4+-N, total organic nitrogen (TON), and TN were in the order type III > type IV > type II> type I. In headwater and rural reaches, CNO3-N was much higher than CNH4+-N. In urban reaches, TON and NH4+-N were the main forms, accounting for 54.7% and 32.1% of TN, respectively. In the whole river system, CNH4+-N decrease with increasing distance from cities, and CNO3-N increased with the increasing area of farmland in the catchments. With increased river flow, the CNO3-N increased and the CNH4+-N decreased in all types of reaches, while the variations of CTON and CTN were different. For TN, the concentration may be decreased with the increase of river flow, but the export load always increased.     

Developments in water quality monitoring and management in large river catchments using the Danube River as an example

Effective management of water quality in large rivers requires information on the influence of activities within the catchment (urban and rural) throughout the whole river basin. However, traditional water quality monitoring programmes undertaken by individual agencies normally relate to specific objectives, such as meeting quality criteria for wastewater discharges, and fail to provide information on basin-scale impacts, especially in transboundary river basins. Ideally, monitoring in large international river basins should be harmonised to provide a basin-scale assessment of sources and impacts of human activities, and the effectiveness of management actions. This paper examines current water quality issues in the Danube River Basin and evaluates the approach to water quality monitoring in the context of providing information for a basin-wide management plan. Lessons learned from the monitoring programme in the Danube are used to suggest alternative approaches that could result in more efficient generation of water quality data and provide new insights into causes and impacts of variations in water quality in other large international river basins.     

Sources and Distribution of Heavy Metals in East China Sea Surface Sediments

Box cores and surficial sediments collected from the shelf, slope and Okinawa Trough of the East China Sea were analyzed for loss on ignition, and concentration and speciation of Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn. in general, concentrations of these metals are higher in the inner shelf and lower in the midshelf, but the highest LOI, Cd and Mn levels are found in the Okinawa Trough. Spatial distributions of these metals in surficial sediments indicate that the Yangtze River is the major source for materials deposited in the inner shelf. the results of a six-stage sequential leaching experiment indicate that the fluvial input includes natural (e.g., Al and Fe) and anthropogenic (e.g., Pb) materials. the depletion concentration of these metals in the midshelf sediments reflects the dominance (∼ 70%) of coarse, relict sand, while the enrichments in the inner shelf and the Okinawa Trough sediments are due to the fine grained, organic-rich sediments. the speciation of Mn in the sediments of the Okinawa Trough indicates that its distribution is diagentically or hydrothermally controlled.     

武汉东湖风景区旅游环境容量初步研究

武汉东湖风景区是国家级风景名胜区 ,近年来 ,由于游客量大增 ,旅游环境受到污染与破坏 ,严重影响旅游环境气氛与质量。运用有关旅游环境容量的理论与方法 ,分析了东湖风景区旅游环境与旅游环境容量问题的出现与原因 ,并以土地与景区构成为基础 ,计算得出其旅游环境容量为每年2 350万人次 ,每天为 64393人次 ,同时最大游客在园量为 160 58人。经比较 ,东湖风景区目前每年和每天的实际游客量远小于其环境容量 ,但由于游客时空分布不均 ,淡季冷清 ,旺季拥挤 ,特别是旺季中午前后的同时游客在园量可达 2 50 0 0人 ,远大于其容量 ,且集中分布于建筑园林区。研究表明 ,东湖风景区的旅游环境容量现状是 :建筑园林区处于饱和、过饱和状态 ,自然风景公园与水上公园远未饱和。因此 ,大力开发林地、水面 ,改善旅游环境 ,搞好淡季促销 ,是东湖风景区调整旅游环境容量 ,实施可持续发展战略的基本措施。