柳州以酸雨治理促城市生态转型--柳州市以环保促经济升级城市转型服务民生的示范作用

柳州市这个“十雨九酸”的工业城市在经济升级、城市转型的过程中,完美实现了向“生态宜居”城市的战略转变。1994年国家有关部门把柳州市酸雨治理列为第四批日本海外经济协力基金贷款项目。这一项目开启城市环境治理新纪元,带动柳州经济发展方式的转变,促进柳州从“污染城市”到“创建环保模范城市”的跨越,“贷”动了柳州是从政府部门环保对策、城市环保质量到公众环保意识的全面提升,助力酸雨柳州的生态转变,在西部地区经济与环境协调发展和促进资源节约型和环境友好型工业城市发展方面具有重要的示范作用。     

东海大气气溶胶中无机氮组分的分布特征

利用2006年11～12月、2007年2～3月及2008年5～6月在东海4个航次中采集的33个总悬浮颗粒物样品和7套Anderson分级样品,分析了其中NH 4+、NO 3-和NO 2-的浓度,探讨了东海气溶胶中氮组分的季节变化和粒径分布.气溶胶中NH 4+的浓度为2.6～646.9 nmol.m-3,冬、春季较高,夏季较低.NO 3-的浓度为5.5～281.5 nmol.m-3,冬季较高,春、夏季较低.NO 2-的浓度很低,0.5 nmol.m-3.气溶胶中氮组分的相对贡献具有一定的季节变化趋势,冬季NH 4+和NO 3-的贡献相当,春、夏季以NH 4+的贡献为主.NO 3-的粒径分布月变化明显,11～12月主要分布在2.1μm的细粒子上,2～3月、5～6月分别集中在1.1～4.7μm和2.1～7.0μm的粗粒子上.NH 4+的粒径分布无明显月季差异,均主要分布在1.1μm的细粒子上.后向轨迹分析表明气团的来源和迁移路径显著影响气溶胶中无机氮的分布.气团来自污染较重的陆源,无机氮在大气中的浓度(nmol.m-3)和在颗粒物中的浓度(μmol.g-1)均较高;气团来自清洁的海洋源,无机氮在大气中和颗粒物中的浓度均较低.气团起源自陆源但在海上经过长距离的迁移,则无机氮在大气中的浓度相对较低,在颗粒物中的浓度相对较高.     

Towards Sustainable Urban Environmental Management in Jiangyin city,East China

Abstract

Dramatic economic and social changes have taken place in Jiangyin city due to rapid and uneven urbanization and industrialization. The environmental degradation has followed driven by these changes since the 1980's. With the pressures and effects of environmental deterioration, the city has implemented environmental management to hold back the trends of negative environmental changes. From the viewpoint of systems, DPSER is a good model for urban environmental changes to understand the causes, pressure, state, effect, existing responses and future action strategies. We took Jiangyin city, a developed city in South Jiangsu province, East China, as an example, and analyzed the characteristics of environmental changes and urban responses using DPSER model. Some operational strategies have been put forward to direct the city environmental management towards a sustainable road step by step.     

不同水质目标下居延海(东)水环境容量分析

分析居延海(东)水环境容量及变化趋势,为居延海(东)的水资源利用及保护提供依据。根据水质监测数据,运用数学模型计算居延海(东)2018-2020年不同水质目标下的化学需氧量、高锰酸盐指数、总磷和总氮的最大容量。结果表明:居延海(东)水质常年保持在Ⅳ~Ⅴ类之间;在Ⅱ类水质目标下,4项水质指标容量均超载,特别是化学需氧量和高锰酸盐指数严重超载;Ⅲ类水质目标下,化学需氧量和总氮超载,高锰酸盐指数和总磷有部分剩余容量;化学需氧量的现状水质容量已超过Ⅳ类水质目标的容量,是居延海(东)的主要污染因子。     

Climate variability,water levels,and fish catch in the Upper East Region of Ghana

The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of climate variability on selected water bodies in the Upper East Region of Ghana using time series decomposition and simple linear regression analyses. Data on temperature and rainfall (1960–2015), annual total fish catch (1996–2016), and the recorded water levels (1987–2015) of a major reservoir, the Tono, were used. Time series decomposition analyses were performed on the rainfall, temperature, and water level data to identify their trends. While temperature was increasing, rainfall was decreasing and resulted in a decrease in the water level in the Tono Reservoir. The decreasing water level in the reservoir made fish catch easier, which led to overfishing. Out of the other 39 dugouts studied, 8 (21%) were silted. Also, rainfall was decreasing at 4.4% per decade and minimum and maximum temperatures were increasing at 2.5% and 0.03% per decade, respectively. The minimum, maximum, and mean water levels of the Tono Reservoir were 3.7, 8.0, and 4.9 meters (m), respectively. The water level of the Tono Reservoir was decreasing by ?0.08 m per year. It is concluded that the water level in the Tono Reservoir was continually decreasing as a result of decreasing rainfall and increasing maximum and minimum temperatures. To maintain a much more stable microclimate and decrease the siltation rate of the reservoirs, farmers are advised to stop farming along the banks of water bodies and avoid clearing vegetation. Fishermen are also encouraged to adopt fish farming in enclosed areas within the reservoir to meet the growing protein demands in the Upper East Region of Ghana.     

Governmentality within China's South-North Water Transfer Project: tournaments,markets and water pollution

The control of water pollution in China's South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP) is examined through the lens of promotion tournaments as Chinese governmentality to offer a special perspective on China's hydro-politics and Chinese manners of water pollution control. This paper characterizes the existing form of governmentality in the SNWTP, pointing to its problems and potential resolutions. The promotion tournament is a market system with authoritarian control, designed to reconcile the incentives of local officials and the central managers of the SNWTP. This governmentality embodies characteristics of China's authoritarian water management system: centralized personnel control combined with market-oriented promotion competitions. However, a clear conflict between the requirements of ecological modernization and the use of power in China's water management system leads to distorted behaviors among local officials, an important source of problems in China's water management system. Compared to promotion tournaments, payments for ecosystem services or eco-compensation are applications of neoliberal environmentalism that could overcome the shortcomings of tournaments, and become the most critical governmentality for water pollution control in the SNWTP.     

武汉东湖底质磷释放对水体的影响

以超额磷负荷为评价指标,计算武汉东湖底质中磷的可释放量为439.4t,底质磷释放实验表明其释放速率为9.47mg/m2·d。东湖底质磷释放对水体磷水平的贡献达到25%。预测在无新外源输入条件下,其内源污染仍会使水体在近20年内保持高的磷水平。     

长江三峡张家湾遗址孢粉组合及古环境演变

长江三峡巫山地区张家湾东周—汉代古遗址文化层中含有丰富的孢粉。孢粉数据分析 ,为研究本区东周—汉代时期人类活动的古地理环境提供了有利的资料。根据孢粉组合的变化 ,可把该区地层由上到下划为三个孢粉组合带 :带 1(生土层 )海金沙 (Lygodium)—卷柏— (Seleginella)—紫萁 (Osmunda)—松 (Pinus)孢粉带 ;带 2 (文化层 )菊科 (Compositae)—毛茛科的唐僧草(Thalictrum)孢粉带 ;带 3(文化层上部 )海金沙—紫萁—水龙骨科 (Polypodiaceae)— 榆 (Ulmus)—小芘 (Berberis)—栗 (Castanea)—慈菇 (Sagittaria)—泽泻 (Alisma) 孢粉带。这种孢粉组合的差异 ,反映各阶段人类活动古地理环境的变化。该区古人类活动初期处于暖湿的气候 ,东周—汉代时期转变为温凉略干的温带落叶阔叶林—草地景观 ,东周—汉代后气候逐渐由干变湿 ,植被由草原向森林转变 ,同时该区经历了一次规模较大的洪水泛滥期。     

Identification and ranking of the risky organic contaminants in the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir

The Danjiangkou reservoir was selected to provide the source water for the middle routes of the South to North Water Transfer Project, which has provoked many environmental concerns. To date, investigations of water contamination of the source water of the Danjiangkou reservoir with organic micro-pollutants have been limited. This study was conducted to identify and rank organic contaminants that pose risks in the Danjiangkou reservoir. To this end, the Chemical Hazard Evaluation and Manage- ment Strategies （CHEMS-1） approach was adapted to integrate the deconvolution technology of qualitative identifying contaminants for site-specific environmental matrices. The samples were screened for the presence of 1093 contaminants using deconvolution technologies and the hazard values of the identified contaminants were calculated using the adapted CHEMS-1 approach accord- ing to their hazardous properties and occurrence in source water. The results showed that 46 contaminants from 1093 targets were present in Danjiangkou water, 23 of which appeared at frequencies higher than 50%, and 15 of which were identified as priorities. Over half （53%） of the high- ranked contaminants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocar- bons （PAHs）, with chrysene ranked highest on the list. Health risk assessment of the top-ranked PAHs was conducted and revealed that cancer risks of PAHs detected in the source water of Danjiangkou to different populations ranged from 10-7 to 104, indicating a low cancer risk to consumers. The results of this study indicated that the adapted CHEMS-1 approach was feasible for site-specific screening of organic contaminants to identify and rank potential priority pollutants.     

新疆准东煤田土壤重金属来源与污染评价

选择新疆准东煤田五彩湾露天煤矿为研究区,通过测定研究区内不同采样点土壤中Zn、Cu、Ni和Cr 4种重金属元素的含量,利用GIS技术和多元统计方法分析重金属的空间分布特征和主要来源,并通过降尘量分布特征和区域DEM等因素探究重金属富集的原因,最后应用地累积指数评价重金属污染等级并估算其污染范围,结果表明:Cu和Ni的浓度分布特征相似,主要来源于土壤母质,浓度分布与人为活动关系不密切.Zn除与Cu和Ni的分布特征相似外,还在煤矿区域明显集中,其来源具有多源性,不仅来源于土壤母质,也部分来源于煤矿开采时扩散的煤尘.Cr主要分布在煤矿和人为活动频繁的区域,来源于煤矿开采中的煤尘和人为的活动.在距离煤矿约7km范围内土壤受到Cr不同程度的污染,污染程度最高为中度污染,总的污染的频率为28%.煤矿区域各个单元的污染程度存在以下关系:工业区>开采区>排土场>办公生活区.Zn和Cr的区域富集除了受煤矿区域特殊地形和地貌的影响外,还与煤尘的粒径和气象因素有关.