试论东汉以后黄河下游长期安流之原因

认为东汉王景治河后500多年黄河下游决溢次数、规模均逊于西汉时期及唐以后各代,主河道变迁亦少,可谓相对安流。其原因在于王景能根据河流规律,因势利导,扩大了黄河行洪能力,巩固了河堤,河道较为顺直;在王景之后,政府的治河机构进一步加强,巩固河堤的工作得以继续进行;相对西汉时期,这一时期气候寒冷,黄河年径流量大为减少,消弱了致灾因子;黄河中游地区植被得到一定程度的恢复。     

Basic hydrologic studies for assessing impacts of flow diversions on riparian vegetation: Examples from streams of the eastern Sierra Nevada,California, USA

As the number of proposals to divert streamflow for power production has increased in recent years, interest has grown in predicting the impacts of flow reductions on riparian vegetation. Because the extent and density of riparian vegetation depend largely on local geomorphic and hydrologic setting, site-specific geomorphic and hydrologic information is needed. This article describes methods for collecting relevant hydrologic data, and reports the results of such studies on seven stream reaches proposed for hydroelectric development in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, USA. The methods described are: (a) preparing geomorphic maps from aerial photographs, (b) using well level records to evaluate the influence of streamflow on the riparian water table, (c) taking synoptic flow measurements to identify gaining and losing reaches, and (d) analyzing flow records from an upstream-downstream pair of gages to document seasonal variations in downstream flow losses. In the eastern Sierra Nevada, the geomorphic influences on hydrology and riparian vegetation were pronounced. For example, in a large, U-shaped glacial valley, the width of the riparian strip was highly variable along the study reach and was related to geomorphic controls, whereas the study reaches on alluvial fan deposits had relatively uniform geomorphology and riparian strip width. Flow losses of 20% were typical over reaches on alluvial fans. In a mountain valley, however, one stream gained up to 275% from geomorphically controlled groundwater contributions.     

Associations between stream valley geomorphology and riparian vegetation as a basis for landscape analysis in the eastern Sierra Nevada,California, USA

Ten streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, were classified into six geomorphic valley types and sampled to determine environmental and riparian vegetation conditions. The geomorphic valley types were relatively uniform geologically and hydrologically, collectively representing the range of stream environments in the region. There were significant associations between the geomorphic valley types and riparian community composition. These geomorphic-vegetation units are landscape elements which comprise the riparian ecosystems in the region. They differ in their ecological charactersitics and sensitivity to management. The system of landscape elements can be used to classify streams for the purposes of resource inventory, detailed ecological studies, and impact prediction.     

Forest Dynamics in the Eastern Ghats of Tamil Nadu,India

The primary deciduous forests in the Eastern Ghats (EG) of Tamil Nadu (TN) India have undergone many changes owing to various need-based forest managements, such as timber extraction for industry, railway sleepers, charcoal, and forest clearance for hydroelectric projects and agriculture, during preindependence and postindependence periods (i.e., from 1800 to 1980). The enactment of a forest conservation act during the 1980s changed the perception of forest managers from utilization to conservation. This study was taken up to assess the forests dynamics in the EG of TN spatially between 1990 and 2003 and nonspatially between 1900 and the 1980s. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) 1D Linear Imaging and Self Scanning (LISS III) data were used to assess forests during 1990 and 2003, respectively. Field floristic survey and secondary data (such as published literature, floras, books, and forest working plans) were used to assess the forest dynamics in terms of forest type and species composition among the preindependence period, the postindependence period, and the present (i.e., before and after 1980). The satellite data analysis revealed a considerable amount of changes in all forest types during the 13 years. The comparison of species composition and forest types between the past and present revealed that need-based forest management along with anthropogenic activity have altered the primary deciduous forest in to secondary and postextraction secondary forests such as southern thorn and southern thorn scrub forests in the middle [400–900 m above mean sea level (MSL)] and lower slopes (<400 m MSL). However, the evergreen forests present at the upper slope (>900 m MSL) and plateau seemed not to be much affected by the forest management. The changes estimated by the satellite data processing in the major forest types such as evergreen, deciduous, southern thorn, and southern thorn scrub are really alarming because these changes have occurred after the implementation of a forest conservation act. The dependence of local people on forests for various purposes in this region is also considerably high, which might be a key factor for the changes in the forests. The results of this study not only provide an outlook on the present status of the forests and the change trends but also provide the basis for further studies on forests in the EG of TN.     

Global localism: Recentering the research agenda for biodiversity conservation

Global environmental crisis narratives about biodiversity loss promote conservation research on how human activities impact natural resources and link scientific findings to protectionist policies. This paper critiques how local knowledge, over space and through time, is constructed for these studies and integrated with ecological measures and qualitative interpretations of biodiversity conditions. As a case example, we describe how ethnoecological research at Mt. Kasigau, a biodiversity hot spot in Southeastern Kenya, changes ‘scientific’ views on human–resource relations. Species richness in woody plants and local knowledge about trees show resource continua on the mountain that question the designation of diverse undisturbed forests and degraded human‐utilized lands. Local narratives document spatially dynamic and adaptive relationships between the Kasigau Taita and their plant resources as they moved up and down the mountain in response to environmental conditions and extra local forces. We argue that greater ‘local learning’ about local places is important to hypothesizing and potentially guiding ‘global action’ for biodiversity conservation.     

基于深度学习的华东地区PM2.5浓度遥感反演

PM_2.5作为大气污染的主要来源,对人类身体健康有着极大的影响.本文提出基于深度学习模型的多要素联合PM_2.5反演方法,以PM_2.5浓度作为真值数据,引入Himawari气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）日数据产品与温度、相对湿度和气压等10个要素作为反演要素.为验证方法的有效性,采用华东地区2016~2018年的数据分季节开展实验,并与传统反演方法进行对比.结果表明,PM_2.5浓度与AOD、降水、风速、高植被覆盖指数呈正相关关系,与矮植被覆盖指数呈负相关关系,与温度、湿度、气压以及DEM的相关性随季节的变化而改变;基于深层神经网络（DNN）反演的PM_2.5精度高于传统的线性和非线性模型,各个季节R²均在0.5以上并且误差较小,其中秋季的反演效果最好R²为0.86,夏季为0.75,冬季为0.613,春季为0.566;模型的可视化结果显示,DNN模型的反演结果更接近地面监测站点插值的PM_2.5浓度分布,分辨率更高且更精确.     

城乡融合区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素——以福州东部片区为例

乡村地域多功能是有效破解城乡二元结构、促进城乡融合发展的重要途径。本文以国家城乡融合发展试验区——福州东部片区为研究区,基于乡镇域尺度分析研究区乡村地域多功能空间分异规律与特征,使用地理探测器分析空间分异的影响因素。结果表明：（1）研究区各乡镇的乡村单一功能空间格局特征表现为农业生产功能在沿海小范围聚集,工业发展和生活保障功能主要集中分布在福州城区边缘郊区和南部乡镇,生态保育功能西部山区大于东部乡镇,而旅游休闲功能主要分布在中北部乡镇和平潭岛;（2）依据LSE模型,将研究区乡镇划分为五功能、四功能、三功能、双功能复合区和单功能主导区,其中拥有五、四功能复合区的乡镇共计58个,占比45.68%,说明研究区乡村地域多功能整体上处于较高水平,城乡融合发展基础良好;（3）乡村地域多功能的空间分异受自然环境、社会经济等内外因素的共同影响,自然环境因素塑造了乡村地域初始与特色功能,地理区位因素促进乡村功能的形成与分化,社会经济是优化乡村功能的基础因素,政策资金是推动乡村多功能转型的主导因素。研究结果为进一步推进区域城乡融合发展与乡村振兴提供科学依据。     

气象因素和前体物对中国东部O3浓度分布的影响

采用重心模型、空间自相关分析和地理探测器,研究了2016年中国东部O₃浓度的时空变化规律,揭示了气象因素和前体物对中国东部O₃浓度空间分布格局及其演变的影响.结果表明：（1）O₃浓度变化可分为3个阶段：1~3月为低值上升阶段、4~9月为高值波动阶段、10~12月为低值下降阶段,O₃污染主要发生在高值波动阶段,超标天数占全年的96.0%.（2）气象因素是影响O₃年均浓度空间分布格局的主导因素,受降水、相对湿度南高北低和日照时数北高南低的影响,O₃年均浓度总体呈北高南低的态势;前体物对O₃年均浓度分布也有显著影响,是城市群核心城市形成局部O₃污染中心的原因.（3）O₃月均浓度分布格局经历了由北高南低到南高北低的演变过程,1~6月O₃浓度总体重心和高值重心向北迁移,6月达到最北,北高南低的特征最强,环渤海地区成为O₃污染最严重的区域;7~12月,O₃浓度总体重心和高值重心向南迁移,12月达到最南,O₃浓度分布格局演变为南高北低.3~9月雨季期间,O₃浓度分布主要受降水和相对湿度的影响,其余时间主要受气温的影响.（4）前体物对O₃浓度分布的影响主要通过气象条件实现,气温越高,光化学反应越强,前体物的正向影响力越大;气温越低,光化学反应越弱,NO_x、CO、SO₂等化学性质活跃的前体物对O₃可能起消耗作用.     

Pathways of adaptation of common dandelion cenopopulations to long-term chemical and radiation influences

A comparative study of the seed progeny of dandelions was performed with samples from cenopopulations growing for a long time under conditions of radioactive contamination (the zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace, EURT) or chemical pollution (the impact zone of the Nizhnii Tagil Metallurgical Plant, NTMP). The viability of seeds proved to decrease in a similar way along with an increase in technogenic pressure, irrespective of its nature. Experiments on acute exposure to heavy metals and γ-irradiation made it possible to reveal the adaptive capacities of the seed progeny from each cenopopulation. The background sample (formed beyond the zone of any impact) was relatively resistant to irradiation and very sensitive to heavy metals. The cenopopulations from the EURT and NTMP zones manifested nonspecific responses to the effects of both habitual and new factors.     

南京东郊风景区旅游环境容量初步研究

通过对南京东郊风景区的实地考察和问卷调查的统计分析，从旅游者的旅游动机、旅游行为方式等方面论述了旅游环境容量的确定和意义，并提出了调控对策和管理意见。