青藏高原东部黄土粒度分布的端元模型研究

为了探讨青藏高原东部黄土粒度指标蕴含的物源和沉积信息,运用参数化端元分析模型对青藏高原东部地区采集的大量表土和马兰黄土样品粒度数据进行了分解。结果得到五个Gen.Weibull分布端元,分别是:(1)众数粒径为1~2μm和7~9μm的远源端元,可能由高空西风搬运而来;(2)众数粒径为35~45μm和60~80μm中远源端元,可能主要由高原季风搬运而来;(3)众数粒径为180~560μm的砂粒组分端元,可能主要为近源和局地来源。因此研究区黄土为多物源、多搬运动力下的风成沉积物。进一步比较端元间的众数粒径、标准偏差以及含量占比的差异,揭示了沉积区的地理位置、地形地貌等环境因素差异对黄土沉积有重要影响。此外,研究区与邻近的黄土高原西缘黄土粒度端元的特征差异指示了青藏高原东部黄土在搬运动力、物质来源及其贡献方面与西部黄土高原明显不同。     

Pursuit-deterrent communication between prey animals and timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus): the response of snakes to harassment displays

A thorough understanding of communication requires an evaluation of both the signaler and receiver. Most analyses of prey–predator communication are incomplete because they examine only the behavior of the prey. Predators in these systems may be understudied because they are perceived as less tractable research subjects, due to their more cryptic hunting behaviors and secretive lifestyles. For example, research on interactions between rodents and rattlesnakes has focused on the behavior of rodent signalers, while responses of snakes have been virtually unexamined. Rattlesnakes are ambush predators, and capture rodents by waiting at foraging sites for long periods of time. In this study, I take advantage of the sedentary nature of this foraging strategy and use fixed videography to record natural encounters between timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) and their prey. Three different prey species were found to exhibit conspicuous visual displays to snakes, both when snakes were actively foraging, and when they were basking. After receiving displays, foraging snakes left their ambush sites and moved long distances before locating subsequent ambush sites, indicating that they responded to displays by abandoning attempts to ambush prey in the vicinity of signalers. This study represents the first quantitative analysis of the response of free-ranging snakes to signals from their prey, and elucidates a technique by which such quantitative data can be more easily obtained.     

华东某铀矿区地表水中放射性核素铀含量特征分析

以华东某铀矿区为研究对象,利用X-Series II电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定铀矿区和对照区共114个地表水样品中放射性核素铀含量,采用单因子指数法评价放射性铀污染,以查明铀矿区地表水铀污染现状。结果表明:(1)研究区地表水铀平均含量39.89μg/L,分别是含矿未采区、江西省背景值、对照区的32.17倍、64.34倍和199.45倍;各亚区地表水的铀含量平均值从大到小顺序为:水冶场区开采矿井区废弃矿井区尾矿库区;废弃矿井区、水冶场区、开采矿井区等亚区地表水铀含量受到较强人为活动影响;(2)单因子污染指数评价结果表明各亚区地表水铀污染程度为:水冶场区开采矿井区废弃矿井区尾矿库区。其中,水冶场区、开采矿井区、废弃矿井区、尾矿库区地表水的铀污染程度均为重度污染;对照区未污染。结合研究区铀含量特征,铀矿开采、运输与选冶等实际情况,建议从改善矿石运输条件、改善废水处理设备,提高废水处理技术等方面进行地表水铀污染防治。     

汉江上游黄坪村段东汉时期古洪水水文学研究

对汉江上游郧县黄坪村剖面的沉积学特征及所在河段地貌进行了研究。发现剖面中夹有典型古洪水沉积物,其记录了发生于1 900~1 700 a B.P的古洪水事件。根据水文学和沉积学原理,利用尖灭点法和SWD厚度与含沙量关系法恢复的古洪水行洪水位高程分别为15495和15685 m,用比降法恢复的古洪水洪峰流量为65 320和74 442 m3/s。根据2011年汉江洪水洪峰痕迹高程用相同方法反推洪水流量,用Baker提出的河流流域面积与洪水洪峰流量关系进行了验证,证实所恢复的古洪水洪峰流量是合理的     

东太湖渔业养殖对沉积物营养盐的影响

湖泊渔业是我国淡水渔业的重要组成部分.传统的渔业养殖模式对湖泊生态系统产生了严重的负面影响.近年来,东太湖的围网养殖模式进行了优化调整.本文通过对比东太湖不同区域(养殖网围内、养殖网围外,蟹草养殖区、混养养殖区、恢复区与对照区),不同时间(1、3、4、8与11月),以及沉积物不同深度(0~1 cm与9~10 cm)的理化指标数据,来分析湖泊水产养殖对沉积物理化性质的影响.结果表明,养殖网围内沉积物中总氮、总磷含量略高于网围外;与蟹草养殖区相比,混养养殖区沉积物中总氮、总磷含量更低,造成的污染更小;恢复区生长和分布大量水生植物,对已污染湖泊的生态恢复有一定的帮助;在水生植物生长的旺季,沉积物中总氮、总磷含量最低,说明水生植物能有效控制沉积物中的氮磷.     

小流域生态经济型水土保持综合治理研究

文中介绍了根据辽东山区生态环境和自然资源特点，以市场规律为指导，在水土保持生态环境建设中，将小流域水土流失防治与资源开发紧密结合起来，促进了流域生态经济同步发展的经验，进而探讨了小流域治理生态经济良性循环可持续发展有效途径     

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDIES ON THE BORDER OF THE EASTERN PARTS OF AREOGRAPHY OF MICHELIA YUNNANENSIS

This paper studies the morphological taxonomy, origination,ecological environment, floristic geography, community, regeneration,biomass.seed character,breeding and their biomass.and the relationship of the relative growth in the yearing seedling of Michelia yunnunensis, especially in the border of the eastern parts of the areography of Michelia vannanensis.     

基于能源碳排放预测的中国东部地区达峰策略制定

中国东部的11个省市是中国经济最发达的地区,其碳排放量约占全国碳排放量的1/2.随着气候变化的加剧和国际社会的关注,中国政府制定了区域差异化的达峰目标,因此,预测该地区碳排放对于评估中国能否实现达峰目标具有重要意义.本文基于中国东部11省市1997-2017年的面板数据,采用STIRPAT模型来预测不同情景下的碳排放趋势,并据此分析东部地区整体碳排放达峰的可能性.结果发现,有7个省市碳排放可能在2030年之前达峰,其中,北京、上海将最早出现碳排放峰值,达峰时间可能为2022年;然而,另外4个省市碳排放较难在2030年之前达峰.从东部地区整体来看,该地区碳排放达峰时间在2028-2033年,峰值为5018.03×10⁶~5497.20×10⁶ t.因此,东部地区整体碳排放可以在2030年左右达峰,为较好地实现中国整体碳排放达峰目标奠定了基础;此外,考虑到东部各省市的碳排放达峰情况存在差异,应根据各省市的实际情况制定差异化的达峰目标.     

The Commons in Transition: Agrarian and Environmental Change in Central and Eastern Europe

This paper analyzes institutional dynamics surrounding common-pool resources in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. It is conceived in close conjunction with the case studies by Penov, Schleyer, and Wasilewski and Krukowski (this issue). The purpose of this paper is to frame the individual case inquiries, compare their findings, and relate those to broader agrarian and environmental changes in the region.The case studies report a broad shift in resource governance from the previously dominant legal and administrative state hierarchies towards markets. In addition, state power has moved from central towards local authorities. The waning and decentralization of state power has caused the emergence of significant gaps between property legislation and rights-in-practice, which have been particularly stark in fragmented political systems. The discrepancy between legal texts and rights-in-practice leads to the exclusion of wider interests in favor of individual interests in the management of common-pool resources, resulting in resource deterioration and dwindling resource stocks. Thus, the comparative assessment suggests a tentative framework for understanding the effects of postsocialist transformations on governance of the commons and environmental change in Central and Eastern Europe. Its findings indicate an additional dimension to the diversity and distributive conflicts characterizing postsocialist privatization: the distribution of various rights to a resource among different actors. The findings also suggest the need for postsocialist states to take an active role in the governance of common-pool resources, particularly in the enforcement of legal rights. Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.