桂林市酸雨污染特征及防治对策研究

为促进桂林市酸雨污染防控,利用2013—2017年桂林市3个监测站点采集的共1 147个降雨样品,分析了降雨pH、电导率和水溶性离子成分,结合气态污染物的变化特征和气象因素影响分析,探讨了桂林市酸雨污染成因,并提出了桂林市酸雨污染防治对策建议.结果表明:①2013—2017年桂林市降雨的pH年均值范围为4.85~5.23.酸雨频率范围为42.5%~74.9%,2017年酸雨频率达74.9%.虽然近年来桂林市环境空气质量明显改善,但是酸雨污染却没有明显减轻,反而在2015年后出现恶化.降雨的离子组成中,SO₄2-和NO₃-是主要的阴离子成分,分别占总离子当量浓度的28.19%和10.82%;Ca2+和NH₄+是主要的阳离子成分,分别占总离子当量浓度的23.46%和17.64%.酸中和效应分析显示,Ca2+和NH₄+为降雨中主要的中和物质.②降雨中碱性离子当量浓度的降幅比酸性离子当量浓度的降幅大,这是导致桂林市近年酸雨恶化的重要因素;此外,来自西部和东南部方向的气流对应了较高的降雨酸度和总离子当量浓度,因此污染物的远距离传输对降雨酸度和离子当量浓度也有一定影响.研究显示,桂林市SO₂和NO_x排放的持续管控将有利于酸雨污染防治,但桂林市目前实施的削减大气粗颗粒物和NH₃排放的大气污染控制策略对于降雨酸度的影响还需要开展进一步评估.      

基于深度学习的华东地区PM2.5浓度遥感反演

PM_2.5作为大气污染的主要来源,对人类身体健康有着极大的影响.本文提出基于深度学习模型的多要素联合PM_2.5反演方法,以PM_2.5浓度作为真值数据,引入Himawari气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)日数据产品与温度、相对湿度和气压等10个要素作为反演要素.为验证方法的有效性,采用华东地区2016～2018年的数据分季节开展实验,并与传统反演方法进行对比.结果表明,PM_2.5浓度与AOD、降水、风速、高植被覆盖指数呈正相关关系,与矮植被覆盖指数呈负相关关系,与温度、湿度、气压以及DEM的相关性随季节的变化而改变;基于深层神经网络(DNN)反演的PM_2.5精度高于传统的线性和非线性模型,各个季节R²均在0.5以上并且误差较小,其中秋季的反演效果最好R²为0.86,夏季为0.75,冬季为0.613,春季为0.566;模型的可视化结果显示,DNN模型的反演结果更接近地面监测站点插值的PM_2.5浓度分布,分辨率更高且更精确.     

Ecological and Social Outcomes of a New Protected Area in Tanzania

Balancing ecological and social outcomes of conservation actions is recognized in global conservation policy but is challenging in practice. Compensation to land owners or users for foregone assets has been proposed by economists as an efficient way to mitigate negative social impacts of human displacement from protected areas. Joint empirical assessments of the conservation and social impacts of protected area establishment involving compensation payments are scarce. We synthesized social and biological studies related to the establishment of the Derema forest corridor in Tanzania's biodiverse East Usambara Mountains. This lengthy conservation process involved the appropriation of approximately 960 ha of native canopy agroforest and steep slopes for the corridor and monetary compensation to more than 1100 claimants in the surrounding villages. The overarching goals from the outset were to conserve ecological processes while doing no harm to the local communities. We evaluated whether these goals were achieved by analyzing 3 indicators of success: enhancement of forest connectivity, improvement of forest condition, and mitigation of negative impacts on local people's livelihoods. Indicators of forest connectivity and conditions were enhanced through reductions of forest loss and exotic species and increases in native species and canopy closure. Despite great efforts by national and international organizations, the intervention failed to mitigate livelihood losses especially among the poorest people. The Derema case illustrates the challenges of designing and implementing compensation schemes for conservation‐related displacement of people. Resultados Ecológicos y Sociales de un Área Protegida Nueva en Tanzania     

137Cs Inventory in Abiotic Component and Biota From the Aegean and Ionian Sea - Greece

This study deals with ¹³⁷Cs dispersion and behaviour in the Aegean and Ionian Sea based on work done during the period 1984-1994, as a brief general review. Sea water, sediment and marine biota were analysed and measured by gamma spectrometry and the activity concentrations of ¹³⁷Cs were evaluated with consideration to the sources of pollution. According to ¹³⁷Cs levels the period is distinguished into three sub-periods, the pre-Chernobyl, the early Chernobyl influence and the late Chernobyl influence period. During the early period of the Chernobyl accident the ¹³⁷Cs levels in the Greek marine environment increased roughly up to an order of magnitude if compared with the pre-accident ones. Since 1988, the late impact of the accident is focused mainly in the North Aegean Sea, at the Dardanelles mouth, due to the Black Sea outflow.     

Survey of dioxin sources in the Baltic Region (extended summary)

The present paper summarises the results of the project: 'Survey of Anthropogenic Sources of Dioxins and Furans in the Baltic Region'. As a part of the project, inventories have been carried out in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland by applying the toolkit for quantification of dioxin and furan releases developed by UNEP Chemicals. The main route of direct releases to the environment is emission to air. Total emission to air from Poland was estimated at 490 (88-1,300) g I-TEQ/year, whereas the emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were estimated as being 14 (2.4-54), 23 (2.6-63) and 17 (2.6-38) g I-TEQ, respectively. In general, the uncertainty on the estimates is very high, and recommendations regarding further development of the inventories have been made, and measures for reducing the releases have been provided.     

青藏高原东部黄土粒度分布的端元模型研究

为了探讨青藏高原东部黄土粒度指标蕴含的物源和沉积信息,运用参数化端元分析模型对青藏高原东部地区采集的大量表土和马兰黄土样品粒度数据进行了分解。结果得到五个Gen.Weibull分布端元,分别是:(1)众数粒径为1~2μm和7~9μm的远源端元,可能由高空西风搬运而来;(2)众数粒径为35~45μm和60~80μm中远源端元,可能主要由高原季风搬运而来;(3)众数粒径为180~560μm的砂粒组分端元,可能主要为近源和局地来源。因此研究区黄土为多物源、多搬运动力下的风成沉积物。进一步比较端元间的众数粒径、标准偏差以及含量占比的差异,揭示了沉积区的地理位置、地形地貌等环境因素差异对黄土沉积有重要影响。此外,研究区与邻近的黄土高原西缘黄土粒度端元的特征差异指示了青藏高原东部黄土在搬运动力、物质来源及其贡献方面与西部黄土高原明显不同。     

Pursuit-deterrent communication between prey animals and timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus): the response of snakes to harassment displays

A thorough understanding of communication requires an evaluation of both the signaler and receiver. Most analyses of prey–predator communication are incomplete because they examine only the behavior of the prey. Predators in these systems may be understudied because they are perceived as less tractable research subjects, due to their more cryptic hunting behaviors and secretive lifestyles. For example, research on interactions between rodents and rattlesnakes has focused on the behavior of rodent signalers, while responses of snakes have been virtually unexamined. Rattlesnakes are ambush predators, and capture rodents by waiting at foraging sites for long periods of time. In this study, I take advantage of the sedentary nature of this foraging strategy and use fixed videography to record natural encounters between timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) and their prey. Three different prey species were found to exhibit conspicuous visual displays to snakes, both when snakes were actively foraging, and when they were basking. After receiving displays, foraging snakes left their ambush sites and moved long distances before locating subsequent ambush sites, indicating that they responded to displays by abandoning attempts to ambush prey in the vicinity of signalers. This study represents the first quantitative analysis of the response of free-ranging snakes to signals from their prey, and elucidates a technique by which such quantitative data can be more easily obtained.     

华东某铀矿区地表水中放射性核素铀含量特征分析

以华东某铀矿区为研究对象,利用X-Series II电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定铀矿区和对照区共114个地表水样品中放射性核素铀含量,采用单因子指数法评价放射性铀污染,以查明铀矿区地表水铀污染现状。结果表明:(1)研究区地表水铀平均含量39.89μg/L,分别是含矿未采区、江西省背景值、对照区的32.17倍、64.34倍和199.45倍;各亚区地表水的铀含量平均值从大到小顺序为:水冶场区开采矿井区废弃矿井区尾矿库区;废弃矿井区、水冶场区、开采矿井区等亚区地表水铀含量受到较强人为活动影响;(2)单因子污染指数评价结果表明各亚区地表水铀污染程度为:水冶场区开采矿井区废弃矿井区尾矿库区。其中,水冶场区、开采矿井区、废弃矿井区、尾矿库区地表水的铀污染程度均为重度污染;对照区未污染。结合研究区铀含量特征,铀矿开采、运输与选冶等实际情况,建议从改善矿石运输条件、改善废水处理设备,提高废水处理技术等方面进行地表水铀污染防治。     

汉江上游黄坪村段东汉时期古洪水水文学研究

对汉江上游郧县黄坪村剖面的沉积学特征及所在河段地貌进行了研究。发现剖面中夹有典型古洪水沉积物,其记录了发生于1 900~1 700 a B.P的古洪水事件。根据水文学和沉积学原理,利用尖灭点法和SWD厚度与含沙量关系法恢复的古洪水行洪水位高程分别为15495和15685 m,用比降法恢复的古洪水洪峰流量为65 320和74 442 m3/s。根据2011年汉江洪水洪峰痕迹高程用相同方法反推洪水流量,用Baker提出的河流流域面积与洪水洪峰流量关系进行了验证,证实所恢复的古洪水洪峰流量是合理的