威海市生态环境特色及其发展策略

论述了影响威海市生态环境建设的因素 ,在充分分析这些因素的优势及劣势基础上 ,对威海生态环境及可持续发展城市建设提出了一系列实施策略 ,为威海市地区生态环境发展方向的调节提供参考依据     

Understanding and addressing the environmental risk of microplastics

Over the past decades, the plastic production has been dramatically increased. Indeed, a category of small plastic particles mainly with the shapes of fragments, fibers, or spheres, called microplastics (particles smaller than 5 mm) and nanoplastics (particles smaller than 1 μm) have attracted particular attention. Because of its wide distribution in the environment and potential adverse effects to animal and human, microplastic pollution has been reported as a serious environment problem receiving increased attention in recent years. As one of the commonly detected emerging contaminants in the environment, recent evidence indicates that the concentration of microplastics show an increasing trend, for the reason that up to 12.7 million metric tons of plastic litter is released into aquatic environment from land-based sources each year. Furthermore, microplastic exposure levels of model organisms in laboratory studies are usually several orders of magnitude higher than those found in environment, and the microplastics exposure conditions are also different with those observed in the environment. Additionally, the detection of microplastics in feces indicates that they can be excreted out of the bodies of animal and human. Hence, great uncertainties might exist in microplastics exposure and health risk assessment based on current studies, which might be exaggerated. Policies reduce microplastic emission sources and hence minimize their environmental risks are determined. To promote the above policies, we must first overcome the technical obstacles of detecting microplastics in various samples.     

新疆工业污染与“九五”时期防治对策

对新疆工业污染的现状及产生的原因进行了分析论述,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

环境污染事故灾害的特点与影响分析

环境污染事故灾害现已成为环境灾害中不可忽视的灾种之一，严重威胁着人们生命与财产的安全，并制约着环境经济社会的持续稳定发展。本文根据山东省近几年环境污染事故灾害的状况，系统分析了其特点与环境影响，并提出了相应的防减灾对策。     

Environment and economic feasibility of municipal solid waste central sorting strategy: a case study in Beijing

Although Beijing has carried out municipal solid waste (MSW) source separation since 1996, it has largely been ineffective. In 2012, a “Green House” program was established as a new attempt for central sorting. In this study, the authors used material flow analysis (MFA) and cost benefit analysis (CBA) methods to investigate Green House’s environment and economic feasibility. Results showed that the program did have significant environmental benefits on waste reduction, which reduced the amount of waste by 34%. If the Green House program is implemented in a residential community with wet waste ratio of 66%, the proportion of waste reduction can reach 37%. However, the Green House is now running with a monthly loss of 1982 CNY. This is mainly because most of its benefits come from waste reduction (i.e., 5878 CNY per month), which does not turn a monetary benefit, but is instead distributed to the whole of society as positive environmental externalities. Lack of government involvement, small program scale, and technical/managerial deficiency are three main barriers of the Green House. We, thus, make three recommendations: involve government authority and financial support, expand the program scale to separate 91.4 tons of waste every month, and use more professional equipment/technologies. If the Green House program can successfully adopt these suggestions, 33.8 tons of waste can be reduced monthly, and it would be able to flip the loss into a profit worth 35034 CNY.

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压力容器设计中的环境温度与最低设计金属温度

环境温度在容器设计中不仅影响设计压力的合理确定,而且更影响最低设计金属温度的确定直至影响材料的正确选择。通过对规程标准的解读,结合液化石油气储罐设计对此进行了讨论,认为环境温度应视为容器的特例工况条件,容器设计应将与其对应的设计压力一起作为设计载荷条件,不仅要对容器的壁厚进行校核,而且尚需根据容器的一次应力判断并确认是否需要修订完善容器设计的选材、制造及检验等技术要求,使容器设计文件正确完整,保证容器制造的安全可靠性。     

Continuous performance assessment and improvement of integrated HSE and maintenance systems by multivariate analysis in gas transmission units

In this study, an integrated “Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE)” and maintenance systems are presented. Multivariate analysis is used for continuous performance assessment and improvement of these systems. The two subjects of “Maintenance System” and “HSE” have been individually investigated several times in different studies. However, few studies have been done to integrate these two systems and provide an integrated system for their implementation. This study evaluates current maintenance and HSE systems of a Gas Transmission Unit by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Moreover, decision making units (DMUs) are examined and ranked. Employees are considered as DMUs. This is done through investigating and measuring their efficiencies and identifying the inefficient and less-efficient units. Since an increase in the number of inputs does not lead to an increase in the number of outputs with the same scale, an output-oriented DEA with a Variable Returns to Scale (VRS) is used. The Fuzzy DEA (FDEA) is also used in this research to decrease uncertainty existing in qualitative indicators and human error. Finally, suggestions are given to improve those DMUs. The managers and employees of the gas transmission unit constitute the statistical population of the study. To achieve the objectives of this study, standard questionnaires with respect to HSE and Maintenance system are completed by operators. The proposed approach would help policy makers and top managers of Gas Transmission Company to have a more comprehensive and thorough understanding the working conditions with respect to the maintenance and HSE features.     

Uncertainties in a risk management context in early phases of offshore petroleum field development

The current risk management approach for the Norwegian offshore petroleum industry came into effect in 2001 and has been stable with minor changes for 15 years. Relatively few new installations were slated for development until quite recently, and several new projects have been started in the last few years. The paper considers the risk management approach in the pre-FEED phase and builds on two case studies selected from the most recent cases. These case studies have been evaluated with respect to how uncertainties are considered in the early phase, based on the submission of the Plan for Development and Operation, their evaluations by authorities and the supporting documents. Both case studies involve new concepts for which there is no experience from similar environments and/or water depths. In spite of what could have been expected, the case studies conclude that uncertainties have not been in focus at all during concept development. This appears to be definitely the case for the licensees, but also to be the case for the authorities. Some suggestions are presented for what could have been considered by the licensees and authorities.     

中俄界河--黑龙江水环境分析与评价

采用“有机污染综合评价法”对黑龙江干流上、中游江水水质进行分析评价,分析与评价结果表明,黑龙江总体水质较好,主要污染物为高锰酸盐指数。     

水质灰色预测模型在VBA中的实现

灰色预测是环境污染预测应用相当广泛的方法。根据文献报道,基于Matlab和Excel实现灰色预测中存在着占用内存、单元格填埋计算公式等等的不足,因此提出了一种基于VBA在Excel下编写宏程序轻松实现灰色预测的方法,并将其运用到北海市地表水污染物预测。结果表明,本程序简短,操作方便,计算结果准确可靠,彻底把用户从繁琐的手工操作中解放出来。