Dynamics of household energy consumption in a traditional African city, Ibadan

In the last three decades the Nigerian environment has experienced rapid degradation. A major contributory factor of this phenomenon is the pattern of socioeconomic development in the country that gives little or no consideration to environmental outcomes. An aspect of this development is the economic policy of removal of subsidies on petroleum products initiated in 1986 as a result of the worsening economic situation in the country which begun in the early 1980s. The result of this is that prices of commercial fuels inclusive of kerosene and LPG (cooking gas) have continued to rise beyond the reach of majority of the Nigerian population. The paper examines the effect of increasing prices of petroleum-derived energy sources on the pattern of energy use for cooking in low and middle-income households and the environmental implication in Ibadan, the largest truly indigenous urban centre in sub-Saharan Africa. Results show that prior to the further subsidy removal of 1993, majority of households sampled used kerosene for cooking. Thereafter, a complete or partial switch in the pattern of domestic energy consumption ensued with more households using fuel wood and other more polluting and less efficient energy sources for cooking. The paper recommends a transition towards more environmental friendly energy sources for household use.     

Total-factor water efficiency of regions in China

Water is a limited and unevenly distributed resource in China, with the per capita amount of water resource there only about one-fourth of the world's average. However, water is an essential resource for people's lives and economic development. Over the past two decades China has seen the fruit of its rapid economic growth; nevertheless, a severe water shortage is behind this prosperous scenario and is becoming worse. Efficient water supply is certainly essential for the sustainable development of human beings. This paper analyzes water efficiency by incorporating water as an input as well as using conventional inputs such as labor employment and capital stock. An index of a water adjustment target ratio (WATR) is established from the production frontier constructed by data envelopment analysis (DEA) including water as an input. The water efficiency of regions is obtained from a total-factor framework with both residential and productive water use. A U-shape relation is discovered between the total-factor water efficiency and per capita real income among areas in China. The central area has the worst water efficiency ranking and the total adjustment amount of water used there is around three-fourths of China's total. More efficient production processes and advanced technologies need to be adopted in the central area to improve its water efficiency, especially for its productive use of water.     

环境与文化

本文从文化的角度对城市环境的有关空间要素进行了中西比较和分析,从而得知 我国现代城市环境并不是简单的规划与设计,而是一种社会环境的全面再创造。     

基于专家地理信息系统(EGIS)的露天采矿烟尘污染环境效应评价模型

针对露天矿山烟尘污染源的特点 ,运用环境评价的原理和方法 ,探讨了传统评价工作中存在的不足 ,将地理信息系统 (GIS)应用到露天矿烟尘污染控制中 ,提出了基于专家地理信息系统 (EGIS)的烟尘污染环境效应评价模型 ,并评述了该模型的重要意义和发展前景     

对提高环境影响评价质量的几点意见

本文从法制与技术两个方面的观点提出如何提高环境影响评价质量的几点意见。     

日本的环境保护

本文介绍了日本的环境污染与环境保护发展概况，阐述了各发展阶段的特征和所采取的环境保护政策，措施及成功的经验，扼要地探讨了我国与日本在环境保护方面在的差距及其原因。     

论大气灾害链

本文从功能、结构和本质三个角度给出了灾害链的定义，提出了灾害环、致灾体和可能受灾体（移动或静止）的概念，对现实中的大气灾害链进行了分类；分析了它们的共性与个性。对其引起破坏作用和造成损失的因素，从致灾体、可能受灾体和灾体环境及其相互关系进行了探讨；对由此而引出的减防救灾的四种途径与“除、抑、避、抗、保、跑、救、治”八项指导原则，和与其有关的战略、策略及组织问题进行了简略讨论。     

小江流域第四纪泥石流期的初步划分

本文就１０Ｅ１级３０００Ｖ ＤＣ电力机车的润滑和齿轮磨损进行了探讨，并对探查润滑故障和齿轮磨损可能的引发原因作了归类。为了理解摩擦学理论，文中的第一部分是作者作的文献研究，第二部分论述的是对有问题范围所进行的探查。作者在文中还试图钭这两部分有机地联系起来。     

广东自然灾害成因及其对经济的影响

本文从地理位置、地形特征、地质构造、水文特征、天气气候特征、人类活动、经济结构与布局,以及社会环境等8个方面分析了广东自然灾害形成的环境条件及类型,并分析研究了成灾特点和对广东经济发展的影响。结果表明,广东自然灾害的形成及其成灾频度和强度,既决定于自然环境的变异,也受制于人类活动和社会经济环境,并具有区域性、周期性、群发性、连锁性、阶段性和社会性等特点,自然灾害对于广东经济发展的严重影响有日益加剧的趋势。     

拉萨城市环境噪声污染及其综合防治对策

针对道路交通、社会生活和建筑施工等噪声污染特点,对拉萨城市特有的环境噪声污染源进行了综合分析,并结合拉萨城市的发展实际,提出了噪声污染的综合防治对策,为有关部门环境管理及其决策提供借鉴.