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91.
Jukka Lehto Jussi Paatero Reijo Pehrman Seija Kulmala Juhani Suksi Teija Koivula Timo Jaakkola 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(10):1656
Lichen–soil column samples were taken from several locations in the Southern Finland between 1986 and 2006. Columns were divided into three parts, upper lichen, lower lichen and underlying soil, and their gamma emitting radionuclides, 134Cs, 137Cs, 103Ru, 95Zr, 106Ru, 110mAg, 125Sb and 144Ce, were measured with gamma spectrometry. Deposition values were calculated as Bq/m2 for each sampling site. Distribution of various radionuclides in the three compartments as a function of time was determined. Both effective and ecological half-lives of all radionuclides were calculated for upper lichen, whole lichen and whole lichen–soil column. A linear relation was derived between the physical half-lives and effective half-lives for whole lichen and for whole lichen–soil column. Reindeer meat activity concentrations of various radionuclides and ensuing radiation doses to reindeer-herding people were also estimated for a hypothetical case where a similar high radioactive pollution, as was taken place in the Southern Finland, would have occurred in the reindeer-herding areas in the Finnish Lapland. 相似文献
92.
Qinhua Fang Luoping Zhang Huasheng Hong Liyu Zhang Frances Bristow 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2008,10(1):41-49
Environmental planning at different levels has been called for by environmental departments in China during last years to
integrate environment consideration to economic development. Based on the accomplished environmental planning practice in
Xiamen China, the paper suggests a general environmental planning process with ecological function zoning as its key steps,
at the same time an effective method for ecological function zoning was formulated. The case studies of Dongfu suburban town
environmental planning and Xiamen eco-city conceptual planning indicate that scientifically sound results of ecological function
zoning can contribute to improving not only the adaptability and acceptability of environmental planning, also the environmental
management and the decision-making. The experience shows that the ecological function zoning methods should be applied according
to the principles of adaptive management, resource-based and community-based, so that it can integrate science into decision-making
process, avoiding both narrow-minded viewpoints of planners and natural resource use conflicts among variety of stakeholders.
Problems to be resolved in the future are also pointed out in the ending part. 相似文献
93.
Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) has become a dominant tool in evaluating the accuracy of models predicting distributions of species. ROC has the advantage of being threshold-independent, and as such does not require decisions regarding thresholds of what constitutes a prediction of presence versus a prediction of absence. However, we show that, comparing two ROCs, using the AUC systematically undervalues models that do not provide predictions across the entire spectrum of proportional areas in the study area. Current ROC approaches in ecological niche modeling applications are also inappropriate because the two error components are weighted equally. We recommend a modification of ROC that remedies these problems, using partial-area ROC approaches to provide a firmer foundation for evaluation of predictions from ecological niche models. A worked example demonstrates that models that are evaluated favorably by traditional ROC AUCs are not necessarily the best when niche modeling considerations are incorporated into the design of the test. 相似文献
94.
A multiple criteria evaluation of sustainable agricultural development models using AHP 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Selection of the appropriate agricultural development model has become an important issue in Iran. Using data from Fars province
of Iran, the purpose of this paper is to use analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selecting between the two competing sustainable
agricultural development models, which have been developed based on the general tenets of Ecological Modernization (EM) and
De-Modernization (DM) theories. Farmers, environmentalists, board members of rural cooperative, rural women and experts from
Fars Agricultural (Jehad-e-Keshavarzi) Organization participated in application of AHP to this study. They applied AHP to
determine the priority of DM and EM based sustainable agricultural development models. Each group determined the priority
of the two models for sustainable agricultural development. The findings indicated that ecological criteria i.e. wise use
of resources, environmental protection and product quality are the most important criteria for sustainable agriculture of
Iran, followed by economic criterion employment and social criterion participation. A sensitivity analysis was carried out
to determine the critical factors that affected the priority of alternatives. The results indicated that EM-based sustainable
agricultural development model has a higher priority as the theoretical base of agricultural development of Iran.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue 相似文献
95.
In contrast to Europe, the USA and South Africa, Australia has no specific, overarching federal legislation to underpin a nationally-coordinated framework for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition. This has resulted in a complex mosaic of diverse approaches and governance structures, hindering the ability to make inter-State comparisons. In this second part of a comprehensive three-part review, we present a systematic appraisal of current and impending approaches for measuring and reporting estuarine condition in each of Australia’s States and Territories. A concise summary is provided in each case, supported by extensive appendices containing detailed accounts of relevant monitoring and reporting programs. We synthesise and evaluate this output at the State/Territory level, highlighting areas of improvement and major gaps. 相似文献
96.
Mercury(Hg) exists in different chemical forms presenting varied toxic potentials. It is necessary to explore an ecological risk assessment method for different mercury species in aquatic environment. The predicted no-effect concentrations(PNECs) for Hg(Ⅱ) and methyl mercury(Me Hg) in the aqueous phase, calculated using the species sensitivity distribution method and the assessment factor method, were 0.39 and 6.5 × 10-3μg/L, respectively. The partition theory of Hg between sediment and aqueous phases was considered, along with PNECs for the aqueous phase to conduct an ecological risk assessment for Hg in the sediment phase. Two case studies, one in China and one in the Western Black Sea, were conducted using these PNECs. The toxicity of mercury is heavily dependent on their forms,and their potential ecological risk should be respectively evaluated on the basis of mercury species. 相似文献
97.
从生态保护与管理的角度出发,综合分析了青藏高原生态屏障区近十年生态系统结构、服务功能、生态胁迫等生态环境变化特征,并提出生态保护对策与建议。结果表明,2000年-2010年屏障区生态系统结构稳定,其中城镇和湿地面积增加明显;生态系统服务功能整体上升,其中屏障区北部区域改善明显;生态胁迫以人口、GDP、载畜量等人类胁迫为主,自然胁迫整体较低;未来应继续加强基本草原保护,实施生态修复工程,不断提高屏障区的重要生态功能。 相似文献
98.
Ammonium nitrogen and total germanium are among the main pollutants in the wastewater discharged from the leather industry. The intake of high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and/or total germanium harms human health and biological species, as is well documented in literature. This paper focuses on assessing the trends of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium concentrations through time in two watersheds (Aojiang and Oujiang) in the Wenzhou metropolitan area of Zhejiang Province and their relationships with the released wastewater using regression and correlation statistics. The paper also utilizes the integrated pollution index to evaluate water quality in the two watersheds. Preliminary results show that, from 1992 to 1998 in the Aojing watershed, the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium increased 13 and 14 times, respectively, decreasing somewhat after 1998, while between 1992 and 1997 in the Oujiang watershed, the concentrations increased, then decreased after 1997. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium are positively related to the amount of released wastewater. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and total germanium exceeded water standards 12 and 3 times, respectively, in Pingyang county of the Aojiang watershed, 14 and 3.3 times in Lucheng District of the Oujiang watershed, and 14 and 3.8 times in the Ouhai Oujiang watershed, respectively. In Pingyang county of the Aojiang watershed, the water quality degraded from Type III in 1992 to over Type V in 2003, and in the Oujiang watershed, the water quality degraded from Type II to over Type IV in 1999, when they were compared with the water quality standards. The water quality slightly improved in 2003 for the Oujiang watershed. It appears that pollution did have a direct positive correlation with leather industry production in the Pingyang Aojing watershed, while there was a negative correlation between the two in the Oujiang watershed. In these two watersheds, the integrated pollution index did not appear to relate to population dynamics and agricultural production. This paper also discusses the current new methodologies and approaches adopted nationally and internationally to reduce the contaminants and purify the environment for maintaining a sustainable and healthier environment in Wenzhou. 相似文献
99.
100.
In this final component of a three-part review, we present a national synthesis and evaluation of approaches for monitoring, assessing and reporting estuarine condition across Australia. Progress is evaluated against objective criteria that together provide a model of international best practice. We critically assess the limitations, inconsistencies and gaps that are evident across Australian jurisdictions, and identify common obstacles to future progress. Major strengths and successes are also highlighted, together with specific examples of best practice from around Australia that are transferable to other States and beyond. Significant obstacles to greater national coordination of monitoring and reporting practices include inconsistent spatial scales of management, pluralistic governance structures and the lack of any overarching legislation. Nonetheless, many perceptible advances have been made over the last decade across Australia in estuarine monitoring and health assessment, and there is great potential for further progress. Finally, we provide a list of recommendations to address some of the most pressing limitations and gaps, and support improved future monitoring, assessment and reporting for Australian estuaries. 相似文献