战略环境评价在内蒙古“十一五”规划中的应用——以水环境为例

实施战略环境评价（SEA）,充分考虑战略的环境影响是全面落实我国可持续发展战略的前提和重要保证。内蒙古“十一五”规划SEA实现了真正意义上的战略环评。本文以水环境为例,运用情景分析法、压力分析法探讨了战略环境评价水环境压力的变化。引进容量承压度的概念,分析了内蒙古自治区经过“十一五”5年的发展重点区域水环境容量承压度的变化。计算结果表明,与2004年水环境压力相比,内蒙古“十一五”规划重点发展区域氨氮压力增大,COD压力变化较小。根据压力变化提出了水环境影响减缓措施。     

绿色大学建设管理的研究

对绿色校园建设的必要性从高校的优势和学校管理要求方面进行了论述。以辽宁大学为例,探讨了其进行绿色校园建设的主要内容,并提出了污染预防、实施生态工程和进行可持续发展管理的对策。     

趋磁细菌应用于重金属废水处理的研究进展

趋磁细（magnetotactic bacteria,MTB）是一类能在磁场中做定向运动的特殊细菌,其细胞内含有对磁场具有敏感性的磁小体,它起了导向的作用。作为一种新兴的生物能源,趋磁细菌和磁小体的研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。概述了趋磁细菌的生物种属和磁特性及其处理重金属废水的机理并探讨了趋磁细菌吸附重金属离子各项影响因素。     

Reflecting ecological criteria in laws supporting the Baja to Bering Sea marine protected areas network case study

Canadian and US marine conservation law, and other related law, was analyzed to determine if it reflected ecological criteria needed to implement connectivity among marine protected areas of the northeast Pacific in the proposed trilateral Baja to Bering Sea (B2B) initiative. The analysis included both nations’ federal laws and those of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and British Columbia. While legal provisions exist already to implement marine protected areas for varying reasons, there is little capacity in most laws to create connectivity among them for conservation purposes. Only California's legislation contained explicit provisions for all the criteria. Other federal, state, and provincial laws, while containing provisions for species at risk and vulnerable habitats, generally lacked explicit provisions for the vital criteria, size of area, migratory patterns, and recruitment patterns. Implementation, future management, and protection of the proposed B2B marine network would be facilitated by amendment of both Canadian and US laws. Some of the ecological criteria are already implied implicitly or vaguely, but they need to be made explicit in the amended law. The legislative model of California could serve as a template for amending the laws of other jurisdictions in the B2B venture.     

环境问题、环境伦理与环境保护探析

人类社会步入二十一世纪,环境问题日益成为全人类共同关注的问题。环境的日益恶化要求人类重新审视人与自然的关系,建立和谐共生的关系体系。保护环境,保护自然,保护人类唯一的家园,实现人类的可持续发展。环境保护是保证当代人和未来人能否享有真正福利的基础,在我国以经济建设为中心的现阶段,环境保护具有重要的意义。     

南京城郊结合部拓展的机制、问题与对策

探讨了新时期南京城郊结合部拓展的特征与机制。南京城郊结合部拓展的特征表现为以下方面：在经济发展上,城郊结合部发展速度高于远郊县,但低于城区;在人口城市化上,是人口增长最快的地区;在土地利用上,城郊结合部粗放发展。就拓展机制而言,认为当前南京城郊结合部的拓展主要是由城市向郊区分散发展的新战略、巨型工程的建设和行政区划调整等力量的驱动。目前,快速发展的南京城郊结合部也面临很多问题,诸如用地粗放、城中村问题、基础设施和服务设施建设滞后、对生态和开敞空间的侵占等。认为这些问题的根源在于两个方面--城乡双轨体制造成的政策缺位和郊区政府的企业化行为。最后,对优化南京城郊结合部的发展提出若干建议。这些建议包括创新制度,消除城乡壁垒;有机疏散,有效控制城市蔓延;引导城郊结合部房地产和大学城的发展;加强外来人口管理,采用激活的方式改造城中村。     

世博会期间上海交通环境承载力调控策略

世博会参观客流规模庞大,且世博园区周边道路设施和自然环境的容量有限,游客自由选择交通模式的结果必然导致自然环境严重超标,人工交通环境不堪重负,因此,必须对世博会期间环境承载力进行调控。而世博会客流属于长期高强度客流,传统的以强制性手段为主的调控策略主要用于短期高强度客流的调控,并不适于世博会。基于局部向全局转换、“强制”向“引导”转换、单因素向双因素转换的调控原则,提出了基于“引导控制”模式的交通环境承载力调控策略：以“引导”手段为主,通过提高公交运行效率、补偿转换交通等措施吸引世博客流向公交方式转移;以“控制”手段为辅,在世博园区周围一定范围内限制社会车辆出入、使用清洁能源车辆,以保证世博客流集散,并降低世博客流对自然环境的影响。     

经济-生态导向的城市人口空间分布优化——以无锡市区为例

城市人口分布格局不仅受经济就业、生活质量、通勤距离等自组织分布要素的引导,还受到政府管制和调控的制约,不可能完全通过自组织而实现人口分布的优化。因此,除了阐释人口分布的自组织变动机制和影响因素外,还迫切需要研究人口分布对经济社会与资源环境方面的综合影响,进而提出优化的人口空间格局。在大量查阅人口分布相关理论的基础上,研究了城市人口空间分布模式,提出了生态约束、生产挤占、生活集聚、效益综合、顾及现状等人口优化分布原则,并运用随机与目标函数方法,建立人口空间分布优化模型。以无锡市区为例,基于丰富的人口、经济、资源、环境资料,进行城市空间生态保护、生产开发、生活居住价值评价,通过模型运算,提出优化的人口空间分布格局,为无锡市区人口分布调控提供依据。     

上海多自然型河流整治实践与探索

简要介绍上海河流整治的3个发展历程及各阶段的特征,总结了多自然型河流整治过程中基于河流整治的河流形态多样性保护与创建、生态护岸建设、生物多样性培育等技术研究成果,以及基于水质改善的水量水质数值模拟、水环境承载力评价、截污治污、水质修复等技术方法。以工程实例说明,河流形态多样化是创造河流生物生境的基础,生态护岸建设可以营造并促进生物生存环境改善,生物多样性培育可以恢复滨水生态系统,底泥疏浚与截污治污则是水质修复的基础与根本手段,水资源调度有效提高水环境承载能力,生物化学方法加快了水质修复的进程。最后,以多条河流的水质与生物监测结果说明不同技术在上海多自然型河流整治实践中的应用情况。     

Will progress in science and technology avert or accelerate global collapse? A critical analysis and policy recommendations

Industrial society will move towards collapse if its total environmental impact (I), expressed either in terms of energy and materials use or in terms of pollution, increases with time, i.e., dI/dt > 0. The traditional interpretation of the I = PAT equation reflects the optimistic belief that technological innovation, particularly improvements in eco-efficiency, will significantly reduce the technology (T) factor, and thereby result in a corresponding decline in impact (I). Unfortunately, this interpretation of the I = PAT equation ignores the effects of technological change on the other two factors: population (P) and per capita affluence (A). A more heuristic formulation of this equation is I = P(T)·A(T)·T in which the dependence of P and A on T is apparent. From historical evidence, it is clear that technological revolutions (tool-making, agricultural, and industrial) have been the primary driving forces behind successive population explosions, and that modern communication and transportation technologies have been employed to transform a large proportion of the world’s inhabitants into consumers of material- and energy-intensive products and services. In addition, factor analysis from neoclassical growth theory and the rebound effect provide evidence that science and technology have played a key role in contributing to rising living standards. While technological change has thus contributed to significant increases in both P and A, it has at the same time brought about considerable eco-efficiency improvements. Unfortunately, reductions in the T-factor have generally not been sufficiently rapid to compensate for the simultaneous increases in both P and A. As a result, total impact, in terms of energy production, mineral extraction, land-use and CO₂ emissions, has in most cases increased with time, indicating that industrial society is nevertheless moving towards collapse. The belief that continued and even accelerated scientific research and technological innovation will automatically result in sustainability and avert collapse is at best mistaken. Innovations in science and technology will be necessary but alone will be insufficient for sustainability. Consequently, what is most needed are specific policies designed to decrease total impact, such as (a) halting population growth via effective population stabilization plans and better access to birth control methods, (b) reducing total matter-energy throughput and pollution by removing perverse subsidies, imposing regulations that limit waste discharges and the depletion of non-renewable resources, and implementing ecological tax reform, and (c) moving towards a steady-state economy in which per-capita affluence is stabilized at lower levels by replacing wasteful conspicuous material consumption with social alternatives known to enhance subjective well-being. While science and technology must play an important role in the implementation of these policies, none will be enacted without a fundamental change in society’s dominant values of growth and exploitation. Thus, value change is the most important prerequisite for avoiding global collapse.