外源水对碳酸盐侵蚀速率研究——以桂林毛村地下河为例

本文对桂林毛村地下河流域,进行了野外监测与室内分析研究,详细研究了外源水与岩溶水对碳酸盐岩侵蚀速率差异。研究结果表明,碳酸盐岩在岩溶水与外源水中的侵蚀速率存在较大差异,雨季碳酸盐岩侵蚀速率:外源水外源水补给的岩溶水岩溶水空气;旱季碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率:外源水外源水补给的岩溶水空气岩溶水;外源水中的灰岩侵蚀速率白云岩侵蚀速率;碳酸盐岩试块的侵蚀速率具有明显的季节变化,主要受控于方解石饱和指数、pH值与水动力条件。     

增城市生态城市建设的探讨研究

当前,中国正处于城市化高速发展时期,城市规划在生态城市建设过程中起着非常重要的作用。本研究目的:探讨城市规划中的生态建设方法,并对增城市城市规划中的生态建设实践进行思考,为科学引导增城市社会、经济、文化、生态协调发展提供参考。研究方法:案例研究法,时间序列分析法和比较研究法相结合。研究结果:增城市生态建设得益于准确科学的规划控制引导,基于时代发展的制度设计和规划保障是增城市取得生态建设重大成果的根本原因。研究结论:城市规划中的生态建设是城市发展的重要命题,是实现人与自然和谐共存的基础,是实现工业文明向生态文明转变的根本保证。     

浅谈铁岭市农村生态环境保护的重要性及治理对策

通过对铁岭市农村生态环境存在的主要问题进行了较为详细的分析,并提出了一系列治理对策。     

我国城市生态承载力研究进展

从生态承载力角度研究区域资源-生态-环境问题,是当今生态学、地理学和经济学等学科研究的热点与前沿领域之一。依据现有研究成果,阐述了承载力的概念和什么是城市生态承载力,并对生态承载力的研究方法、研究趋势及其研究存在的问题和方法途径及提高城市生态承载力的对策建议进行了简述。     

合肥市区典型景观水体氮磷污染特征及富营养化评价

为掌握合肥市环城河水系水环境状况,于2012年9月~2013年7月,在城区选取6个典型景观水体测定水体理化指标和叶绿素浓度,开展水体氮磷污染特征分析及富营养化评价,结果表明:①各水体氮、磷污染较为严重,TN和TP月平均浓度均远超过国际认可的发生水体富营养化临界值;②南淝河、黑池坝和雨花塘水体氮浓度表现出显著的逐月变化性,南淝河水体TP和PO3-4-P一直在较高浓度状态下波动,而银河公园水体则呈现显著的上升趋势;③雨花塘与黑池坝水体TN/TP比平均值分别为104.7和158.3,包河公园、银河公园、逍遥津公园和南淝河水体分别为16.8、18.7、6.4和16.8,表明雨花塘、黑池坝水体处于磷限制性状态,逍遥津公园为氮限制性状态;④聚类分析将6个景观水体聚为两大类,即污染严重的黑池坝和南淝河归为一类,其余4个相对封闭的水体为另一类;⑤营养状态指数评价结果表明,所有水体均处于富营养化状态,且富营养化程度排序为:银河公园>黑池坝>南淝河>逍遥津公园>雨花塘>包河公园.     

中山市农业区域土壤-农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染特征

在广东省中山市农业区域范围内共采集了65个表层土样和37个农产品样品,采用GC-FID检测方法分析了土壤和农产品样品中被美国环境保护署(EPA)优先控制的6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染水平、污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,中山市农业土壤样品中6种PAEs化合物总浓度(ΣPAEs)范围为0.14~1.14 mg·kg-1,平均含量为0.43mg·kg-1,检出率为100%.不同土地利用类型中土壤的ΣPAEs含量大小顺序依次为菜地果园地稻田.与美国土壤6种优控的PAEs控制标准相比,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)含量超过控制标准,超标率分别为93.85%和27.69%,其余4种优控PAEs化合物的含量均低于美国标准.总体上,中山市农业土壤中ΣPAEs含量处于较低水平.中山市农产品中ΣPAEs含量范围为0.15~3.15 mg·kg-1,平均含量1.12 mg·kg-1,蔬菜中ΣPAEs的含量高于水稻和水果.农产品中PAEs含量低于美国和欧洲食品建议指标,健康风险很小.DBP和DEHP在土壤、农产品中占ΣPAEs的百分比和检出率均较高,是中山市PAEs污染物的主要组成部分.不同种类农产品-土壤中的ΣPAEs、DBP存在显著正相关,其中蔬菜-菜田土壤的Pearson相关系数(r)分别为0.81(P=0.000)、0.75(P=0.000),水稻-稻田土壤中二者的r分别为0.74(P=0.036)、0.65(P=0.041),水果-果园土壤中相关系数分别为0.66(P=0.029)、0.78(P=0.045).不同农产品对土壤中6种PAEs化合物的累积能力存在明显差异,但对ΣPAEs总量的富集系数均大于1.因此,在农业区域土壤质量评价过程中,应重视农产品自身特性对PAEs吸收和累积的影响.     

南京夏季城市冠层大气 CO2浓度时空分布规律的观测

城市是CO2重要排放源,直接观测城市中大气CO2浓度对于研究人类活动对大气温室气体的贡献至关重要,而在城市中多个站点、多个高度上观测大气CO2浓度则有助于认识城市CO2浓度的时空变化规律,确定其影响机制.本研究于2014年7月18日至7月25日在南京主城区东、西、南、北和中共5个方位(100 m左右高度),2014年8月3日至2014年8月9日在南京主城区中部站点的3个高度(30、65和110 m)观测CO2浓度.结果表明:1南京主城区垂直方向上CO2浓度存在明显梯度,近地面30 m处CO2浓度受人为活动影响明显,平均值达427.3×10-6(±18.2×10-6)(摩尔分数,下同),高层65m、110 m处CO2浓度混合均匀,平均值分别为411.8×10-6(±15.0×10-6)和410.9×10-6(±14.6×10-6).大气层结越稳定,CO2浓度越高,垂直梯度越大.2南京主城区CO2浓度的水平分布受风和大气稳定度的控制.观测期间盛行东北风向,导致CO2浓度分布整体呈现西南高,东北低的格局,城市主城区上下风向CO2浓度差为7.8×10-6.而且水平风速越大,越有助于将上风向的CO2传输至城市的下风向,CO2浓度差就越小.大气层结越稳定,整体CO2浓度越高.3南京主城区5个站点CO2浓度均有明显的日变化,日最高值出现在交通早高峰期间,谷值在17:00左右,在19:00左右有时会因交通晚高峰而出现次高值.     

济南市大气污染时空特征研究

为不断改善济南市大气环境质量,在广泛收集与整理相关资料和数据基础上,基于综合污染指数评价法及Arc-GIS平台空间插值法研究并表征了济南市“十一五”期间大气主要污染物的时、空变化特征及发展趋势;研究结果表明：济南市“十一五”期间大气环境质量变化较大,2007～2009年污染较为严重,之后有所改善;大气污染物浓度呈明显的季节变化特征,冬季污染最严重,夏季空气质量最好;首要污染物为PM10;污染较严重区域集中在济南市东北部地区;其变化原因受地理气候条件、产业结构和能源结构影响较大.该研究方法及结论对其他大中城市大气环境质量时空变化研究具有一定借鉴价值.     

Identifying the Institutional Decision Process to Introduce Decentralized Sanitation in the City of Kunming (China)

We conducted a study of the institutional barriers to introducing urine source separation in the urban area of Kunming, China. On the basis of a stakeholder analysis, we constructed stakeholder diagrams showing the relative importance of decision-making power and (positive) interest in the topic. A hypothetical decision-making process for the urban case was derived based on a successful pilot project in a periurban area. All our results were evaluated by the stakeholders. We concluded that although a number of primary stakeholders have a large interest in testing urine source separation also in an urban context, most of the key stakeholders would be reluctant to this idea. However, the success in the periurban area showed that even a single, well-received pilot project can trigger the process of broad dissemination of new technologies. Whereas the institutional setting for such a pilot project is favorable in Kunming, a major challenge will be to adapt the technology to the demands of an urban population. Methodologically, we developed an approach to corroborate a stakeholder analysis with the perception of the stakeholders themselves. This is important not only in order to validate the analysis but also to bridge the theoretical gap between stakeholder analysis and stakeholder involvement. We also show that in disagreement with the assumption of most policy theories, local stakeholders consider informal decision pathways to be of great importance in actual policy-making.     

Revisiting Evidence for Sustainability of Bushmeat Hunting in West Africa

Bushmeat hunting, a key source of dietary protein, has been implicated as a major extinction threat to tropical vertebrate species in West Africa. Ideally, any such hunting of wild species should be done sustainably, with off-take levels low enough to ensure viability of harvested species. Recent work purports to show that a mature bushmeat market in a major city in Ghana operates sustainably after depletion of vulnerable, slow-reproducing species (Cowlishaw and others 2005). I revisit two aspects of this work. First, I retest the prediction that larger species are transported to the market from greater distances, as expected if overexploitation depletes large species close to the city. Cowlishaw and others failed to find a significantly positive relationship between species-specific body mass and distance between capture site and the market. However, my reanalysis provides evidence for a positive relationship after all, consistent with unsustainable harvesting. In particular, ungulate species were harvested significantly farther from the market than smaller-bodied rodent species. Second, I caution that just because species “persist” in the marketplace in no way implies that they can withstand hunting pressure elsewhere and so should be of little concern to conservationists. I reveal that such species, despite their high intrinsic rates of population growth, are not robust elsewhere. Several of them have disappeared from a network of protected areas in Ghana (Brashares and others 2001). I show that faster-reproducing species are not necessarily more likely to persist in protected areas. The mere presence of fast-reproducing species in a mature bushmeat market should not be construed as generalizable robustness; criteria for ecological sustainability should ensure viability; and harvested species should be robust, not highly prone to extinction, in protected areas.