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631.
632.
Markus??stEmail author Ron?Ydenberg Kai?Lindstr?m Mikael?Kilpi 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(5):451-457
Both theoretical and empirical work has shown that group size increases with increasing ecological constraints on solitary breeding. Ecological constraints refer to extrinsic factors such as availability of breeding sites, food or mates. Common eider (Somateria mollissima) females pool their broods and share brood-rearing duties, or rear broods alone. Females are often in poor condition at hatching, as incubation is accomplished without feeding, and variation in body condition is largely environmentally induced and thus unpredictable. We found that the intensity of and duration of parental care that females provide is positively correlated with their body condition at hatching. This suggests that body condition is an ecological constraint on successful solitary breeding. We further observed that group productivity in common eider broods is a decelerating function of the number of tending females. As predicted, females in poorer condition (i.e., facing stronger ecological constraints) were found in larger groups. This result is straightforward if solitary tenders can enter any group at no cost. However, if entry is group-controlled, stable groups of non-relatives are predicted not to occur when per capita reproduction declines with group size. The N-person staying incentive model permits groups to form under these conditions, because reproduction is unevenly divided between dominants and subordinates in the group. We discuss the plausibility of these alternative models of group size for understanding the grouping behavior of brood-caring female common eiders.Communicated by M. Webster 相似文献
633.
Modelling the responses of the Lagoon of Venice ecosystem to variations in physical forcings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A Finite Element Ecological Model for the Lagoon of Venice (VELFEEM) has been used to test the responses of the Lagoon of Venice ecosystem to variations in physical conditions.The model is obtained by coupling a finite element hydrodynamic model, that computes the velocity fields of water, an energetic model to compute the water temperature fields, and an ecological model that simulates the dynamic of phytoplankton, zooplankton, nutrients (ammonia, nitrate and phosphate) organic detritus (organic nitrogen, organic phosphorous and CBOD) and dissolved oxygen.The transport model is a two-dimensional barotropic finite element model which allows for a better resolution of the lagoon morphology.The ecological model has been developed by starting from the ecological module EUTRO of WASP (Water Analysis Simulation System released by US EPA), and by adapting it to the peculiarity of the Lagoon of Venice.A reference condition has been identified by running a 1-year simulation under climatologic condition. Then, the sensitivity to physical forcing (tide and wind) and to the input of macronutrients has been investigated, by comparing model predictions of spatial and temporal evolution of major state variables and of an aggregate index of Water Quality Trophic Index (TRIX). 相似文献
634.
Brooke L. Sargeant Aaron J. Wirsing Michael R. Heithaus Janet Mann 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(5):679-688
Because behavioral variation within and among populations may result from ecological, social, genetic and phenotypic differences,
identifying the mechanism(s) responsible is challenging. Observational studies typically examine social learning by excluding
ecological and genetic factors, but this approach is insufficient for many complex behaviors associated with substantial environmental
variation. Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia show individual differences in foraging tactics, including possible tool use with marine
sponges and social learning may be responsible for this diversity. However, the contributions of ecological factors to the
development of these foraging tactics were not previously investigated. Here, we determined the relationship between ecological
variables and foraging tactics and assessed whether differences in habitat use could explain individual differences in foraging
tactics. We monitored 14 survey zones to identify how foraging tactics were spatially distributed and matched behavioral data
to the ecological variables within each zone. Three of four foraging tactics were significantly correlated with ecological
characteristics such as seagrass biomass, water depth, presence of marine sponges and season. Further, individual differences
in habitat use were associated with some tactics. However, several tactics overlapped spatially and previous findings suggest
demographic and social factors also contribute to the individual variation in this population. This study illustrates the
importance of environmental heterogeneity in shaping foraging diversity and shows that investigating social learning by ruling
out alternative mechanisms may often be too simplistic, highlighting the need for methods incorporating the relative contributions
of multiple factors. 相似文献
635.
农作物农药污染评价及其应用 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
通过对农药在作物上的消解规律和农药起始残留浓度的研究建立了农作物农药污染程度的评价方法,其评价因素选用农药起始残留浓度,农药消解速度,最后一次施药至收获的间隔期和评价标准等4个参数。应用此方法评价了常用农药以及不同类型作物的污染程度,得到了一些重要结果。 相似文献
636.
637.
生态学理念在城市化进程战略环境评价中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
城市化,生活化是人类历史发展的必然趋势,城市化进程中,SEA是实施城市可持续发展战略的有效工具,在城市化进程SEA中引入以可持续发展为核心的生态学理论是引导城市环境协调发展的重要一环,本文探讨了生态学理论在SEA中运用,为保证城市的持续有序发展,在城市化进程中,SEA应充分考虑环境可持续性,社会可持续性,经济可持续性,土地可持续性。 相似文献
638.
清洁生产能力评估将清洁生产概念引入建设项目环境影响评价,对实现经济与环境可持续发展具有重要意义。探讨清洁生产能力评估的必要性,可能性及方法,并对前景进行展望。 相似文献
639.
乡镇铝厂大气氟污染对区域冬小麦生长影响的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过对郑州市某乡镇电解铝厂附近的参气,土壤及冬小麦等生态因素含氟量的分析与研究,表明:(1)铝厂所排放的化物是造成冬小麦减产的主要原因:(2)冬小麦各部位器官含量与距污染源的距离呈负相关;(3)对电解铝生产过程排放的气态氟化物应采取相应的治理和防护措施。 相似文献
640.
抓住呼伦贝尔市建设生态市的历史机遇,促进辉河国家级自然保护区的全面发展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
当前呼伦贝尔市正在进行生态市建设,本文就辉河自然保护区在生态环境建设中发挥的作用及其需要采取的措施作了简要分析。 相似文献