基于CREP的国家环境质量改善工程规划与管理:以《大气污染防治行动计划》为例

重大环保工程管理是我国国家环境保护规划制度的重要组成和实施基础。对国家重大环保工程管理的演变和模式特征进行回顾,认为基于CREP的环境质量工程管理模式是适应国家环境质量管理转型的新模式,主要包括环境容量下的削减规模确定、给定削减规模的工程方案设计、基于减排工程的环境质量和健康效果评估、支撑减排和环境质量改善的配套政策等管理模块。最后,以《大气污染防治行动计划》为例,证明了基于CREP的环境质量工程管理模式的可行性和有效性。     

亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究

以我国亚热带农业面源污染防控工程——生态沟渠为研究对象,在2013~2014年对其径流量和每月进出口水质中NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N和TN的质量浓度进行监测,通过分析生态沟渠在不同时间段对不同形态氮素的去除差异,探讨了生态沟渠对面源污染中氮素迁移的拦截效应.结果表明,2 a内生态沟渠对NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为77.8%、58.3%和48.7%;拦截量分别为38.4、59.6和171.1 kg·a~(-1);进水中无机态氮NO~-_3-N和NH~+_4-N之和占TN质量分数的平均值为47.5%,出水中平均值为33.6%,比进水显著降低(P0.01).2014年生态沟渠中水生植物全部改种为绿狐尾藻后,对NO~-_3-N和TN的拦截率比2013年分别增加了30.5%和18.2%,表明种植绿狐尾藻进一步提升了生态沟渠对氮素的拦截能力.可见,生态沟渠对农区地表径流中氮素迁移有较好的拦截作用,可作为一项重要的农业面源氮污染防控技术.     

Litter decomposition and nitrogen release in a sloping Mediterranean subtropical agroecosystem on the coast of Granada (SE, Spain): Effects of floristic and topographic alteration on the slope

On the coast of Granada (SE, Spain), an economically important area for subtropical fruit cultivation, the crops are grown on orchard terraces. Also, high amounts of fertilizers, often excessive, are used in this type of intensive agriculture. However, each year significant fractions of nutrients taken up by the trees return to the soil by fallen leaves. Using a litter-bag technique, we assessed the decomposition rates and N-release in various types of litter. Our main purpose was to compare two different agroecosystem scenarios: (1) an unaltered slope consisting mainly of a mixture of herbaceous plants (Papaver rhoeas, Convolvulus sp., Malva sylvestris, Reseda phyteuma, Anacyclus sp., Sinapis arvensis, Medicago sp.) among spontaneous perennial woody shrubs (Genista umbellata, Olea europaea, Lavandula officinalis, Phlomis purpurea, Retama sphaerocarpa), and (2) an altered slope cultivated with subtropical trees on terraces: loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), mango (Mangifera indica), avocado (Persea americana), and cherimoya (Annona cherimola), with groundcover plantings of aromatic, medicinal, and melliferous plants (AMMPs) on the taluses of the terraces, which are usually used for erosion control: Lavandula dentata, Thymus mastichina, Satureja obovata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anthyllis cytisoides. In the leaves from the subtropical crops, we found the highest decomposition rates in cherimoya and the lowest in mango (1.30 and 0.64 years⁻¹, respectively). Leaves from mango and loquat registered initial peaks of N immobilization and later N-release, which was highest in cherimoya and avocado leaves (71.2 and 56.8% of the initial remaining N). In the spontaneous woody shrubs, O. europaea and G. umbellata were the slowest in decomposing (1.18 and 1.01 years⁻¹, respectively) contrary to L. officinalis, which decomposed fastest (2.22 years⁻¹). Only L. officinalis and P. purpurea registered a net N-release at the end of the study. The AMMPs showed different decomposition patterns: L. dentata registered the highest decomposition rates and Rosmarinus the lowest (1.9 and 1.1 years⁻¹, respectively). T. mastichina, L. dentata, and S. obovata had the highest N-release, whereas R. officinalis and A. cytisoides showed N immobilization (183 and 122% of the initial N). Knowledge of the dynamics of nutrient release and litter decomposition will be useful for predicting nutrient availability and nutrient cycles in these types of agroecosystems where subtropical orchards are grown on terraces.     

拜泉县生态环境建设与效果分析

拜泉县在农业生态建设中,坚持科学发展观,走可持续发展之路,狠抓生态环境建设,三十多年如一日,治理穷山恶水,重整拜泉山河。通过对拜泉县生态环境历史和现状的介绍,生态建设的效果分析,得出生态环境的有效保护、合理开发是农业可持续发展的保证。     

泰来县生态环境状况及保护对策

从农业、草原、森林、湿地、等方面介绍了泰来县生态环境状况,并针对存在的问题提出了防治对策。     

宁夏灵武市庙梁子沟生态经济流域综合治理模式探讨

宁夏灵武市庙梁子沟流域把沙漠化治理与经济产业开发相结合起来,形成了具有特色的"外围草方格固沙,四周乔木林防风,核心发展经济产业"的水土保持综合治理模式、"五位一体"的经济产业发展模式和"水保搭台、政府导演、各部门协助、全社会参与同唱一台戏"的运行管理模式,在宁夏风沙区及周边同类型地区水土流失治理和开发中值得推广。     

滦河流域水资源开发的水文效应及其生态环境响应

通过滦河干流滦县水文站径流的长期演变趋势,分析流域水资源开发利用的水文效应及其生态响应。结果表明,在气候变化和人类活动影响下,滦河流域地表水资源量出现显著的衰减趋势,并引起滦河下游河道系统严重退化、近代滦河三角洲萎缩、下游平原区地下水位下降等若干生态环境问题。提出应加强竞争性用水条件下的河流生态水文调控,以改善滦河下游的生态环境。     

阿什河干流(道外香坊段)防洪及河道生态治理工程生态影响分析简述

通过分析阿什河干流生态环境现状,进行工程建设对生态环境的影响分析,并提出了相应的生态保护措施和建议。     

啤酒厂的废水处理及环境污染

以某市某啤酒厂为例,论述啤酒生产过程中废水的处理工艺,分析废水处理过程中带来的环境污染。     

环境监测实验室空气中汞污染与防治

采用冷原子吸收法,使用便携式测汞仪对实验室空气中汞的浓度进行测定,监测结果表明,环境监测实验室空气中汞的污染较为严重,主要来源于COD、氨氮、大气中氨及汞样品测定时含汞试剂及汞标液的使用和含汞废液的排放。根据对监测结果的评价和分析提出了相应的防治措施,提醒实验室的管理及分析人员,要增强环境保护意识,加强实验室的管理,减少含汞及其它有毒废液的排放,改善实验室的环境空气质量,保护分析人员的身体健康。