全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11580篇 |
免费 | 531篇 |
国内免费 | 881篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 646篇 |
废物处理 | 144篇 |
环保管理 | 2921篇 |
综合类 | 4761篇 |
基础理论 | 1349篇 |
环境理论 | 3篇 |
污染及防治 | 334篇 |
评价与监测 | 431篇 |
社会与环境 | 2004篇 |
灾害及防治 | 399篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 25篇 |
2023年 | 131篇 |
2022年 | 231篇 |
2021年 | 313篇 |
2020年 | 291篇 |
2019年 | 223篇 |
2018年 | 211篇 |
2017年 | 328篇 |
2016年 | 379篇 |
2015年 | 312篇 |
2014年 | 398篇 |
2013年 | 690篇 |
2012年 | 700篇 |
2011年 | 828篇 |
2010年 | 582篇 |
2009年 | 607篇 |
2008年 | 538篇 |
2007年 | 742篇 |
2006年 | 677篇 |
2005年 | 565篇 |
2004年 | 537篇 |
2003年 | 521篇 |
2002年 | 499篇 |
2001年 | 392篇 |
2000年 | 430篇 |
1999年 | 342篇 |
1998年 | 261篇 |
1997年 | 218篇 |
1996年 | 161篇 |
1995年 | 174篇 |
1994年 | 118篇 |
1993年 | 131篇 |
1992年 | 83篇 |
1991年 | 47篇 |
1990年 | 48篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 17篇 |
1986年 | 23篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 26篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 22篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 660 毫秒
711.
油气资源作为战略性资源,关系到经济发展、社会稳定、国家安全和全面建设小康社会目标的顺利实现。资源所在地为国家建设输出了大量的能源,本地的经济发展却依然处于落后状况,导致目前资源所在地出现了种种矛盾和冲突。究其原因,主要是缺乏对资源所在地的利益补偿机制所致。以油气田资源开发的利益分配现状为例,指出目前的利益分配中主要存在资源所在地税收分配收益少、开发带来的生态污染补偿缺失、油气田项目征地补偿过低、资源开发没有促进资源所在地的经济发展等问题,从福利经济学、公共政策管理的相关理论提出了构建利益补偿机制的理论依据,并在此基础上提出了收益向资源所在地倾斜、实行生态补偿、创新征地补偿方式和资源就地转化的政策建议。 相似文献
712.
基于面板数据的土地投入对经济增长的影响-以浙江省为例 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用生产函数与面板数据回归模型相结合的研究手段,以地处经济发达地区的浙江省为实证研究区域对土地要素投入对经济增长的影响进行了定量的研究。研究结果表明:(1)就规模效应而言,浙江省的经济增长处于规模报酬不变的发展阶段;(2)浙江省经济增长对劳动力要素的投入最为敏感,其中土地要素、劳动力要素和资本要素增加1个单位的投入量对经济增长的推动为 0.247 3、0.538 5 和 0.321 6;(3)固定资产投入在研究期间是浙江省经济增长的主要推动力,其贡献率达到6823%,而劳动力要素与土地要素则分别为2346%和625%;(4)浙江省土地利用不够集约,在研究期间土地要素对经济增长的影响能被资本要素与劳动力要素有效替代,而劳动力要素则难以被资本投入与土地投入有效替代,劳动集约型产业应该成为浙江省未来发展方向之一。 相似文献
713.
This study has indicated that there is close relationship between development density and environmental quality; therefore,
it is necessary to decide the form of development carefully beforehand. The form of development is shaped either by new development
or urban renewal which is a major tactic nowadays adopted by the Hong Kong Government to improve the living condition of the
citizens and the quality of the built environment. This study is limited to urban renewal and aims to find out the major urban
design considerations for sustaining the environment. Through a questionnaire survey carried out in Hong Kong, the opinions
of architects, planners, property development managers, and local citizens were sought and evaluated, and critical design
factors for enhancing environmental sustainability of urban renewal projects are highlighted. The results derived from factor
analysis indicated that certain design considerations should be incorporated for sustaining the urban environment. “Land Use
Planning”, “Quality of Life”, “Conservation & Preservation”, “Integrated Design”, “Provision of Welfare Facilities”, and “Conservation
of Existing Properties” were believed to be the significant underlying factors for achieving environmental sustainability
of local urban renewal projects.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
714.
This paper focuses on comparative review and analysis of the systems of environmental protection, national environmental strategies
and fundamentals of environmental legislation in Australia and the Russian Federation. These countries have many socioeconomic
similarities, such as low population densities and richness in natural resources which are largely exported. The main disparity
between Australia and Russia is in the types of economy. This paper ‘continues’ the sequence of recent scholarly publications
on comparison of various features of environmental policies in the countries from all over the world. Comparative analysis
in this research has been based on examination of scholarly publications, legislation, government documents, mass media sources
and NGO responses. The analysis has revealed a number of differences including top-down implementation of policies in Russia
whereas in Australia, each State (Territory) implements policies with significant independence from the Commonwealth Government.
At the same time, similarities between the countries have been identified: for example, in deficits in the budget of local
environmental authorities and in the presence of contradictions in legislation at national and regional levels of government.
Suggestions resulting from this analysis include further integration of sustainable development strategies at all levels of
Australian government to encourage further protection of the environment and, for Russia, creating a separate Ministry of
Environmental Protection. These approaches should assist facilitation of sustainable development for both nations.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
715.
M. Reza Ghanbarpour Keith William Hipel 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(2):241-253
Environmental disputes arise due to opposing views of various groups about their environmental concerns and their economic
or developmental interests. Development and protection of the environment constitute two main contradictory objectives within
the sustainable development paradigm, which are often in conflict. The decision support system, GMCR II, which implements
the graph model for conflict resolution, is employed to model and analyze an environmental dispute arising over the construction
of a new freeway between the Iranian capital, Tehran, and the city of Chalous located in the north of the country. This study
demonstrates that the graph model for conflict resolution can be used as a methodology to promote a reasonable balance between
economic development and environmental protection from a strategic viewpoint. In addition to systematically modelling the
conflict by putting the existing information into proper perspective, it is shown how conflict analysis can be used for comparing
alternative scenarios and predicting possible future outcomes.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
716.
Gilles Billen Sabine Barles Josette Garnier Joséphine Rouillard Paul Benoit 《Regional Environmental Change》2009,9(1):13-24
Between the tenth and twentieth century the population of Paris city increased from a few thousand to near 10 million inhabitants.
In response to the growing urban demand during this period, the agrarian systems of the surrounding rural areas tremendously
increased their potential for commercial export of agricultural products, made possible by a surplus of agricultural production
over local consumption by humans and livestock in these areas. Expressed in terms of nitrogen, the potential for export increased
from about 60 kg N/km2/year of rural territory in the Middle Ages, to more than 5,000 kg N/km2/year from modern agriculture.
As a result of the balance between urban population growth and rural productivity, the rural area required to supply Paris
(i.e. its food-print) did not change substantially for several centuries, remaining at the size of the Seine watershed surrounding
the city (around 60,000 km2). The theoretical estimate of the size of the supplying hinterland at the end of the eighteenth
century is confirmed by the figures deduced from the analysis of the historical city toll data (octroi). During the second
half of the twentieth century, the ‘food-print’ of Paris reduced in size, owing to an unprecedented increase in the potential
for commercial export associated with modern agricultural systems based on chemical N fertilization. We argue that analysing
the capacity of territories to satisfy the demand for nitrogen-containing food products of local or distant urban population
and markets might provide new and useful insights when assessing world food resource allocation in the context of increasing
population and urbanization. 相似文献
717.
Both the Aalborg Commitments and the guidance on integrated urban environmental management and sustainable urban transport
plans proposed by the EU Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment foresee a baseline review as the first step in developing
integrated urban management plans and systems. A baseline review of urban sustainability undertaken in Riga reveals significant
discrepencies between the sustainability criteria of the Aalborg Commitments and the: responsibilities and competencies of
the municipal government and administration as defined by statutes; policy goals and measures defined in municipal planning
documents; policy goals and measures defined in the Riga Development Plan. To better orient the mandate of the municipality
towards sustainable development, municipal statutes should be supplemented to more fully reflect the issues defined by the
Aalborg Commitments and should include sustainability as a goal. In order to strengthen the implementation of sustainable
development specific policy goals, measures and targets should be formulated for all the Aalborg Commitments issues when revising
existing municipal planning documents or developing a municipal sustainable development management plan. An analysis of the
European Common Indicators and the State of the Environment in Riga 2001 indicators indicates that they can only partially
fulfill a monitoring function for the implementation of the Aalborg Commitments. This highlights a need to better coordinate
sustainable development initiatives at the European level. The methodology used for the baseline review in Riga is useful
for assessing the status of urban sustainability when preparing integrated urban management plans or systems, but requires
testing elsewhere.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
718.
J. R. Park M. J. Stabler P. J. Jones S. R. Mortimer J. R. Tiffin R. B. Tranter 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):735-750
The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This
is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high
unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent
urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive
rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and
environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant
of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role
in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business
and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness
and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness
of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.
相似文献
J. R. ParkEmail: |
719.
The Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM) of Thailand is comprised of many protected areas and has one of the highest wildlife populations in the country. Populations of wildlife in the WEFCOM have decreased dramatically over recent years. Rapid economic development has resulted in the conversion of forest into agricultural and pastoral land, which has directly and indirectly impacted the wildlife community. This research aimed to evaluate populations of domesticated cattle (Bos indicus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the WEFCOM and their possible impacts on the wildlife community. Domesticated cattle and buffalo keepers from 1561 (or 3.3%) of houses in and near WEFCOM were interviewed. The average number of animals per household was 15.6 cattle and 8.5 buffalo. Most villagers released domesticated cattle and buffalo to forage in the protected areas. This tended to have a high impact on the wildlife community in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary and Tungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary. The least impacted areas were Luam Khlong Ngu National Park, Thong Pha Phum National Park and Chaleam Ratanakosin National Park. With a high risk to the wildlife community, law enforcement should be used in combination with a certain level of co-management with local communities. 相似文献
720.
Rene Van Berkel Tsuyoshi Fujita Shizuka Hashimoto Yong Geng 《Journal of environmental management》2009
Japan's Eco-Town Program spearheaded in Japan the integration of Industrial Symbiosis and Urban Symbiosis, seeking to maximise the economic and environmental benefit from close geographic proximity of industrial and urban areas, through the use of previously discarded commercial, municipal and industrial waste materials in industrial applications. The program established 26 Eco-Towns around Japan. Approximately 1.65 billion USD was invested in 61 innovative recycling projects, with an average government subsidy of 36%. In addition at least 107 other recycling facilities have been constructed without government subsidy. 14 Eco-Towns primarily contributed to improving industry's productivity, whilst 10 Eco-Towns primarily contributed to improving environmental amenity. In 16 Eco-Towns the private sector was the most important actor supporting local government in the realisation of the Eco-Town, whilst in 9 Eco-Towns this was civil society. The availability of investment subsidies, the coming into force of ambitious recycling legislation with quantified, product-specific targets, access to the significant technological resources of the private sector, and widespread recognition of the urgency to act on environmental issues, all contributed to the success of the Eco-Town Program. 相似文献