典型城市道路交通加密监测点大气污染特征及影响因素

基于“十四五”生态环境监测要求,针对目前国内城市道路交通加密监测点大气污染特征及影响因素相对缺乏这一问题,以移动源为主要大气污染来源的甘肃省兰州市为例,在典型道路两侧不同点位、不同高度监测6种常规大气污染物浓度及气象参数,同时获取道路车流量和车型信息,探究其大气污染特征及影响因素。结果表明：道路两侧及道路同侧不同高度处大气污染物监测浓度均存在差异。PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度随高度升高而逐渐降低,在2 m高度处最高,SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃浓度均呈现随高度先升高再降低的趋势,在4 m高度处最高。SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO小时浓度在05:00—09:00达到峰值,在15:00—17:00达到谷值;而O₃小时浓度峰谷值的时间恰好相反。NO₂、CO浓度受车流量影响较大,代表时段NO₂浓度与重型货车流量表现出极强的相关性,CO浓度与小型客车流量表现出强相关性。监测时段6种污染物日均浓度与相对湿度均呈负相关;NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO日均浓度与风速均呈负相关,O₃日均浓度与风速呈正相关。

     

沉水植被对河流温室气体释放减缓作用研究

为揭示沉水植物生态修复在减缓河流温室气体释放方面的作用,在浙江省嘉善县选择盛家湾（有沉水植物）和东龙港（无沉水植物）2条河流,利用扩散模型法对其水体CO₂、CH₄、N₂O释放通量进行24 h连续监测,并进行对比分析。结果表明：2条河流除盛家湾水体在16:00表现为CO₂吸收外,其余监测时间内3种气体均呈过饱和状态,表现为向大气释放温室气体,24 h内比较,有沉水植物的盛家湾可减少89%的温室气体释放。将气体释放通量与环境因子进行相关性分析发现,盛家湾水体CO₂释放通量与水温、pH、溶解氧浓度呈显著负相关,与氧化还原电位呈显著正相关,N₂O释放通量与水温、pH、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关,与氧化还原电位呈显著负相关;东龙港水体CO₂释放通量与水温呈显著正相关,CH₄释放通量与水温、溶解氧浓度呈显著正相关,N₂O释放通量与水温呈显著正相关。

     

近60年滇池水生态系统演替及驱动因子

滇池流域作为长江上游和我国西南地区生态安全屏障的重要组成部分,对保障区域乃至全国生态安全具有重要作用。采用文献调研、分类梳理等方法,并结合1950—2020年滇池水质变化和富营养化演化过程,系统分析了近60年滇池水生态系统中浮游植物、浮游动物、水生植物、底栖动物、鱼类等重要组成部分的演替过程及驱动因子。结果表明：1960s以前,滇池水体清澈见底,水生生物丰富,处于草型阶段;1970s—1990s,随着滇池富营养化程度加剧,水体理化性质的改变以及水生生物耐营养物种的数量增加,湖泊生态系统由草型阶段向草藻混合型阶段转变;2000—2015年,滇池水质进一步恶化,处于 GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类~劣Ⅴ类,水生生物从多优势种向单优势种、清水种向耐污种转变,处于藻型阶段;2016年之后,滇池水质虽逐步改善,但仍面临着严重的富营养化问题。滇池水生态系统演替的驱动因子主要是自然因素、流域污染物排放超出滇池环境容量及生态系统生境片段化。

     

基于二维和三维生态足迹的长三角城市群自然资本可持续性分析

城镇化和工业化进程的不断推进给城市群自然资本及其可持续利用带来较大的威胁。为明确城市群建设过程中自然资本可持续性变化特征,以长三角城市群为研究对象,采用二维和三维生态足迹评价模型,同时添加水资源账户对原模型进行改进以反映长三角地区水资源潜力与压力,研究分析了2005—2019年长三角城市群生态足迹、生态压力指数和生态协调指数变化、自然资本存量消耗和自然资本流量占用情况及其影响因素与作用机制。结果表明：1）研究期间,长三角城市群人均生态足迹和生态承载力分别为4.46和1.59 hm²/人,平均人均生态赤字为2.87 hm²/人,但万元GDP生态足迹不断下降,资源利用率不断上升;2）2005—2019年,长三角城市群生态压力指数由2.48升至3.25,生态协调指数由1.30变为1.25;3）基于改进三维生态足迹模型发现,长三角城市群资本存量利用程度越来越大,且对自然资本流量的更新起到较大抑制作用,2019年研究区自然资本存量的消耗量是资本流量占有量的2.26倍;4）影响因子分析表明,工业产值、能源消耗总量、建筑用地面积和城镇化率对生态足迹起到了正向促进作用,对自然资本的可持续性产生了较大压力。

     

封闭垃圾填埋场通过地表向大气释放汞的测定

利用动力学通量箱及自动测汞仪联用技术,于2004年3月中旬对贵阳市的一座封闭生活垃圾填埋场汞通过地表向大气释放的过程进行了研究。3个采样点的汞释放通量日均值分别为559.1、88.2、53.6ng·m-2·h-1,汞释放通量强度与表层基质中的汞含量密切相关,该测定值高于世界背景地区通量的1~2个数量级,说明封闭垃圾填埋场也是大气汞的潜在来源。汞释放通量呈现明显的昼夜变化规律,白天较高并在午间前后达到最大,而夜间降至最低。气相因子中光照强度与汞的释放过程相关性最高,其次分别是气温、相对湿度、地温和风速。氧化态汞的光致还原作用是可能垃圾填埋场Hg0生成的主要途径,降雨初期能促进地表汞的释放。     

Ce-Sn-W-O_x催化剂的配伍优化及脱硝影响因素

采用共混热解法制备系列Ce-Sn-W-Ox复合氧化物,用于NH3选择性催化还原NO。通过正交实验优化CeSn-W-Ox配方,采用环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)等表征分析催化剂的微观形貌和固相结构,确立Ce-Sn-WOx最佳配比及结构形貌。结果表明,以粒度为5~8 mm的堇青石瓷片担载分散Ce-Sn-W-Ox,进行NH3-SCR脱除NO,当Ce/Sn/W元素摩尔比为1∶0.8∶0.6时,Ce Sn0.8W0.6Ox/堇青石NH3-SCR脱除NO效果最好。当空速为7 200 h-1,催化剂在252~426℃内脱除NO效率均大于94%。重点考察了反应空速(GHSV)、水蒸气(H2O)、SO2等对Ce Sn0.8W0.6Ox/堇青石NH3-SCR脱除NO活性的影响。研究表明,空速低于10 000 h-1时,催化剂脱硝活性受空速影响小;单独通入5%H2O对催化剂脱硝活性基本没有影响;单独通入429 mg/m3SO2导致催化剂活性略有降低;同时通入429 mg/m3SO2和5%H2O,催化剂脱硝活性下降至85.33%,除去SO2和H2O后,催化剂活性又能明显回升。     

Ecological issues and risk assessment in China

As a result of economic development and population explosion, global ecological environments have been severely disturbed and markedly changed. An ecological crisis involving desertification, soil erosion, degradation of land quality, loss of biodiversity and global climate change has been brought about all over the world. In order to manage ecosystems efficiently, it is necessary to assess ecological risk at multiple scales. Ecological risk is the probability that a region and/or site will experience defined ecological or environmental problems. In this paper, the ecological risks of soil erosion, desertification, and acid deposition have been assessed on a national scale according to natural and human factors, such as topography, soil, vegetation and climate. This assessment has provided very useful information for ecological environmental management in China.     

Desertification in the Sudan: causes,effects and policy options

Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions in arid and semi-arid conditions. It is a result of pressure from both climatic and human factors. Desertification in the Sudan has been accelerating at a faster rate over the last two decades, leading to marginalization and the loss of arable land. The main factors contributing to desertification include drought, population growth, the spread of extensive agriculture, deforestation, rapid urbanization, the erosion of local political power, the lack of economic institutions and the absence of social institutions which have tended to reduce the capacity of the local people to cope with the resource degradation problem. Initiatives to arrest the desert encroachment must include improved cultivation methods, proper grazing management, reforestation and integration of livestock and crop production systems, coupled with good linkages to light processing industries.

This paper identifies the causal factors of desert encroachment, assesses its impact on the environment and humanity and concludes by recommending specific strategies to control the desert encroachment problem.     

Factors affecting the distribution of trace elements in harbour sediments

A large number of data (n=488) were acquired from 2003 to 2006 for five Italian harbours and three control areas to determine trace element (Al, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cr, and Ni) levels in sediments. Results were utilised to evaluate, on a multivariate statistical basis, pollution levels, significant relationships between observed levels and specific factors, and enrichment factors. Of the factors tested, main human use of harbour, was best able to determine segregations in the observed trace element fingerprints. Compared with the concentration limit approach, the evaluation of enrichment factors, even if affected by mathematical approximations, represented a useful tool for environmental studies, allowing evaluation of the presence of sediments enriched by human activities and reducing the occurrence of both false positives and false negatives due to natural differences in aluminosilicate levels.     

Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soils affected by tannery effluents

Effluents collected from tanneries in Sialkot showed considerably higher levels of heavy metals. Sodium (12 660.91 mg/L) among macronutrients and Cr (592.20 mg/L) among heavy metals were found in the highest concentrations. Effluent parameters, i.e. biological oxygen demand (BOD; 12.40), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 16.53), Cd (5.90), Cr (592.20) and Fe (18.59) were the respective times higher than Pakistan National Environmental Quality Standards and their continuous unchecked discharge into agricultural soils poses a potential risk. Mean concentrations (mg/L) of Cr (592.20), Ni (2.66), Mn (1.16), Fe (37.17), Zn (0.90), Cd (0.59) and Pb (1.18) in this study exceeded levels recorded to date from different tanning hubs in Pakistan. Factor analysis/principal components analysis (FA/PCA) for the effluent parameters resulted in six varimax factors, i.e. VF1 (salinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, chloride, phosphate, BOD and COD; including characteristic tannery effluent features), VF2 (pH, Cr and alkalinity; tanning operations), VF3 (Cd and Pb; dyeing processes), VF4 (Mn and Fe; finishing operations), VF5 (Ni; retaining processes) and VF6 (hardness, Ca and Cu; bating processes). Cluster analysis performed on metal data resulted in three clusters confirming metal–metal relations obtained either from FA/PCA or a correlation matrix. The results of this study are useful for heavy metal source apportionment, assessment of risk to peripheral soils and the future management of environments around tanneries.