马克思自然观的生态意义

摘要：当代社会，生态问题已成为全球性的问题。但早在马克思生存的时代就已经初露端倪，马克思对此进行了详细的阐述并且提出了解决途径。     

以德钦县为例探讨高原牧区农村环境保护

介绍了德钦县概况，分析了德钦县存在的主要问题，提出了保护对策及建议。     

TWIN: a TWo-stage INdex to evaluate ecological quality status in lagoon environments by means of hard bottom zoobenthos

The macrobenthos colonizing the artificial hard bottoms in lagoons has been used in biomonitoring programs as it requires easy sampling procedures and provides a variety of responses to different environmental pressures, like marine or continental influence, eutrophication, and urban pollution. In this paper we present the development and application of a new TWo-stage INdex (TWIN), aimed to assess water quality of lagoon environments using the hard bottom macrobenthos community. TWIN is calculated in two separate stages. First, the presence and abundance of macrobenthic species are used to define, through a fuzzy model, a station's membership grade in six pre-defined ecological sectors (Lagoon Mouth, Vivified Lagoon, Rough Eutrophic, Calm Eutrophic, Urban, Estuarine), each corresponding to characteristic communities. Then a formula links the membership grades to the five ecological status classes ranging from high to bad quality, as requested by the European Water Framework Directive. This method was tested in four Adriatic lagoons: the results are consistent with literature information and expert judgement, therefore we propose its use in the definition of water quality in lagoons.     

The concept of the Portuguese National Ecological Reserve: constraints and impossibilities in the Azores Archipelago

The biophysical features of small islands (SI) distinguish them from other territories; isolation, small size and several anthropogenic pressures reduce the resilience of ecosystems and increase their vulnerability to global changes. Many SI have a shortage of infrastructures, institutions and technical/financial resources that hinder planning and require different integrated solutions. In Portugal, the National Ecological Reserve (NER) is legally binding for spatial planning instruments. It aims to defend natural values and areas of ecological value, or sensibility, or susceptible to natural hazards. However, the criteria for the design of NER are strictly set for mainland territory, not taking into account specific features of small islands. A case study of the Azores Archipelago is used to demonstrate that spatial planning instruments should be adapted to island contexts. Such adaptation will increase the effectiveness of their implementation in relation to the protection of natural resources, stability of biophysical structures and prevention of natural hazards. Observing the main differences between mainland and the Azores Archipelago it is possible to define a methodological transposition of the NER aims and goals into an island context. This approach is an answer to the constraints in effective adaptation of spatial planning instruments for islands.     

A transportation-location problem model for pedestrian evacuation in chemical industrial parks disasters

A successful emergency management for chemical industrial parks (CIPs) accidents includes the route and shelter selection. Both of them are based on the collection of chemicals, atmosphere, geographic and population databases of CIPs. This decision process can be considered as a kind of transportation-location problem (TLP). In this paper, a conceptual model of emergency decision system for TLP of CIPs has been reported and a new multi-objective TLP model of pedestrian evacuation has also been proposed. The model includes sub-criteria, and the affected areas are categorized into a priority hierarchy based on human vulnerability model (HVM). The model can be used to design shelter places and guide the evacuation of the affected people. Besides, it can maximize the total time satisfaction level of evacuees combined with the routes passable probabilities. Finally, a case study shows that this model is flexible and applicable to various scenarios and risk measures.     

吐鲁番市历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性综合分析

针对历史文化资源保护的迫切需求利用高精度的地形数据和生态环境调查资料在GIS技术的支持下进行了历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性评价。以吐鲁番市区的历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性问题为研究对象选取高程等9个敏感性因子,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定敏感性因子权重结合GIS空间分析技术得到吐鲁番市区历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性结果。结果表明:吐鲁番市区历史文化遗址的生态敏感性总体较高,区域差异比较明显。国家级遗址和自治区级遗址都处在高度敏感状态,县市级遗址处在中度敏感状态,急需加强保护。最后提出分类保护措施为今后生态防范措施的针对性提供科学依据。     

浅析辽河流域水环境管理现状及改善措施

辽河流域是我国北方重要的河流型流域,水环境污染问题突出。文章从水环境管理体制、水污染控制方式、水生态安全管理、预警监控4个方面剖析了辽河流域水环境管理现状,并提出针对性的改善措施,对促进辽河流域水环境管理能力提高具有积极的实际意义。     

大连金州新区并区前后的生态适宜度分析

开发区扩区或与行政区合并是近年来开发区二次创业的发展趋势,有必要对并区前后的土地利用和产业布局合理性进行评估。应用层次分析法和专家打分法分析了大连金州新区并区前后的生态适宜度。结果表明:原金州区的工业区和居住区在合并前后生态适宜度得分从63.75分和60.25分上升到82.75分和85.75分;经济技术开发区工业区和居住区从82.75分和77分上升到82.75分和85.75分。均从不适宜、适宜上升到很适宜。     

生态化工产业发展影响因素分析——以山东省化工行业为例

在收集和分析对生态工业发展研究的文献基础上,将影响生态化工产业发展的因素归纳为3大因素:直接因素、间接因素和机制性因素,6个二级指标,分别是自然因素、经济因素、技术因素、产业因素、社会因素、政策法规,同时针对全国第一化工大省山东省不同类型、不同地域的11家化工企业进行了实地调研,并对问卷调研数据进行了基于SPSS软件的克朗巴哈α系数的信度分析以及主成分分析,结果表明问卷具有良好的信度,并按各二级指标中所含因素的重要程度确定了影响生态化工产业发展的12个主要因素,在此基础上提出了化工产业生态化发展的建议,为化工产业生态化建设提供相应的理论支撑。     

滇池湖滨生态带建设管理机制研究

为提高湖滨带管理水平,通过总结实际工作中的工作方法和经验,提出和完善滇池湖滨生态带管理的一般模式,即政府投资管理、企业投资管理、政府-企业共同管理三种模式,为构建完善的滇池湖滨生态带管理机制奠定理论研究和实践调研基础。结果表明:政府主导的管理方式有利于保障湖滨带的整体性和自然属性,促进湖滨带生态系统的自然恢复,但是资金投入比例大、管理周期长;政府-企业共同管理能产生社会效益和经济效益,降低政府投资;企业投资管理能激活湖边带的商业价值,但企业管理自主性比较大,有待进一步研究。