论省级生态环境保护督察制度的完善

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅在2019年出台了《中央生态环境保护督察工作规定》,将省级生态环境保护督察制度法治化,并提出常态化实施的要求。作为一项新的改革举措,省级生态环境保护督察在实践中面临许多问题,照搬中央生态环境保护督察的形式难以取得明显实效,存在定位不准、措施不当、保障不力等问题。为此,要在明确督察的内涵和作用方式的基础上,从做好中央生态环境保护督察的补充和延伸的角度出发,提出省级生态环境保护督察的定位、工作程序要点和配套制度建设的需求,为下一步地方完善生态环境保护督察制度提供指导。     

Comparative genotoxicity of water processed by three drinking water treatment plants with different water treatment procedures

• Genotoxicity of substances is unknown in the water after treatment processes. • Genotoxicity decreased by activated carbon treatment but increased by chlorination. • Halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds contribute to genotoxicity. • Genotoxicity was assessed by umu test; acute and chronic toxicity by ECOSAR. • Inconsistent results confirmed that genotoxicity cannot be assessed by ECOSAR. Advanced water treatment is commonly used to remove micropollutants such as pesticides, endocrine disrupting chemicals, and disinfection byproducts in modern drinking water treatment plants. However, little attention has been paid to the changes in the genotoxicity of substances remaining in the water following the different water treatment processes. In this study, samples were collected from three drinking water treatment plants with different treatment processes. The treated water from each process was analyzed and compared for genotoxicity and the formation of organic compounds. The genotoxicity was evaluated by an umu test, and the acute and chronic toxicity was analyzed through Ecological Structure- Activity Relationship (ECOSAR). The results of the umu test indicated that biological activated carbon reduced the genotoxicity by 38%, 77%, and 46% in the three drinking water treatment plants, respectively, while chlorination increased the genotoxicity. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds were major contributors to genotoxicity. The results of ECOSAR were not consistent with those of the umu test. Therefore, we conclude that genotoxicity cannot be determined using ECOSAR .     

Nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas around a manganese mine in southern China

• The soil TP level was high or extremely high in all areas. • TN, OM and available Cu were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. • All areas reached the heavily polluted level and had high ecological risk levels. • Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants. Nutrient status and pollution levels are the main factors affecting soil restoration. The nutrient status and pollution levels in five areas, an unexplored mine area (UA), an explored mine area (EA), a tailings area (TA), a reclamation area (RA) and an agricultural area (AA), around the Pingle manganese mine in Guangxi, China, were assessed in this study. The results showed that the average total phosphorus in these five areas ranged from 1.05 to 1.57 mg/kg, corresponding to grades of extremely high and high. The average total nitrogen values were 0.19, 0.69, 0.93, 1.24 and 1.67 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, corresponding to grades of very low, low, medium-low, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. The average organic matter values were 12.78, 8.92, 22.77, 21.29 and 29.11 mg/kg in EA, TA, RA, UA and AA, which corresponded to grades of medium-low, low, medium-high, medium-high and medium-high, respectively. All these results indicated that the total phosphorus was sufficient in these areas, while the total nitrogen and organic matter were insufficient in EA, TA and RA. The available concentrations of Mn and Zn corresponded to the intermediate grade, while the values for Cu corresponded to the very low grade; these might be another factor restricting ecological reclamation. Contamination and ecological risk assessments based on the single contamination index, Nemerow multi-factor index and potential ecological risk index showed that the five tested areas around the Mn mine were considered heavily polluted and presented high ecological risk. Mn and Cd were the dominant pollutants.     

长江流域全氟化合物污染态势与生态效应

简述了PFASs在长江流域上、中、下游水环境中的空间分布格局和时间变化趋势,探讨了其生物蓄积效应、淡水生物毒性效应和生态风险评价。指出,PFASs广泛赋存于长江流域从上游至下游的干流和支流及湖泊之中,其平均值低于我国其他主要流域;PFOA在长江流域内环境浓度最高,而PFOS在近10年环境管控措施下浓度降至极低,PFBS、PFBA和PFHxA等短链物质正作为替代物使用,可能在未来出现升高趋势。长江流域内水生动物（包括食用鱼类）能够从环境中富集PFASs并通过食物链传输,在其血液、肌肉和内脏中蓄积。虽然目前长江流域生态风险评价表明PFASs总体上风险为低级,但局部高浓度地区仍可能对敏感生物造成基因表达受损等毒性效应。     

氯胺酮对水生生物的毒性效应及生态风险评估

通过检索在国内外期刊发表的文献中关于我国河流、湖泊中氯胺酮(KET)的数据,评估其在地表水中的暴露水平,利用风险商（RQ）初步分析KET在我国部分地表水环境中的生态风险。结果表明,我国地表水中KET的检出率为20%~100%,最高检出值为420 ng/L,基于发育、繁殖和行为等慢性毒性数据推导出的预测无效应浓度（PNEC）为1.36×10^-6mg/L;基于慢性毒性计算的风险商值为0.03~36.76,表明我国地表水中KET存在风险,其中台湾淡水河、金梅河和广东珠江具有高风险,而北方大部分河流潜在风险较低。     

青岛近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价

基于国外近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价方法,结合国内海洋环境质量评价的研究现状,由生物、水质、沉积物指标和栖息地变化情况构成青岛近岸海域生态环境质量综合评价指标体系,并选取合适的评价模型,同时通过研究海域主要污染物的分布情况对评价结果进行反向验证。结果表明,青岛近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价等级为一般,受人为扰动的影响较大;该方法能够较好地反映主要的人为环境压力和风险因子,同时对潜在的污染因子有一定的预警作用。     

新时期加强和改进大学生安全教育的实践与探索

针对高校在大学生安全教育方面重视不够,内容观点陈旧,教育手段单一等主要问题及其产生的原因,通过分析并找出解决问题的方法;树立以人为本、珍爱生命的理念,遵循安全第一,预防为主的原则,采取多种措施,切实开展安全教育,普及安全知识与防范技能,培养学生健全的法律意识、安全意识,提高自我保护和安全防范能力;制订相关的法律法规与规章制度,完善安全教育的领导体制与运行机制,切实做好高校大学生安全教育工作。     

企业安全管理体系的功能实现——生产安全问题确认和求解的视角

针对企业安全管理体系相关工作与日常安全管理之间存在的"两张皮"现象,首先借助企业生产安全"问题空间"和"解空间"的概念,探讨了企业安全管理的出发点和落脚点;然后,围绕企业具体安全问题的确认和求解,分析了如何在组织层面通过三阶"学习循环"推进体系功能的实现;最后,基于RACI模型探讨了如何在个体层面支持和响应组织层面的各阶"学习循环"以真正实现体系的功能。总之,"两张皮"现象主要来自企业生产安全"目的"和"手段"不能有效对接,安全管理体系建设和功能实现应从辨识和解决企业实际问题入手。     

促进我国环保产业发展的税收政策研究

阐述了税收政策介入环保产业发展的理论基础,即外部性和公共产品理论决定了环保产业的发展需要税收优惠政策给予支持;分析了我国现有环保产业的所得税政策、增值税政策和营业税政策;提出了应完善现有税制及税收分配体制等促进我国环保产业发展的税收政策建议。     

Smallholder Farms as Stepping Stone Corridors for Crop-Raiding Elephant in Northern Tanzania: Integration of Bayesian Expert System and Network Simulator

Crop-raiding elephants affect local livelihoods, undermining conservation efforts. Yet, crop-raiding patterns are poorly understood, making prediction and protection difficult. We hypothesized that raiding elephants use corridors between daytime refuges and farmland. Elephant counts, crop-raiding records, household surveys, Bayesian expert system, and least-cost path simulation were used to predict four alternative categories of daily corridors: (1) footpaths, (2) dry river beds, (3) stepping stones along scattered small farms, and (4) trajectories of shortest distance to refuges. The corridor alignments were compared in terms of their minimum cumulative resistance to elephant movement and related to crop-raiding zones quantified by a kernel density function. The “stepping stone” corridors predicted the crop-raiding patterns. Elephant presence was confirmed along these corridors, demonstrating that small farms located between refuges and contiguous farmland increase habitat connectivity for elephant. Our analysis successfully predicted elephant occurrence in farmland where daytime counts failed to detect nocturnal presence. These results have conservation management implications.