县域生态环境质量考评方法研究

通过对县域生态环境质量的考评方法研究,认为县域生态环境质量评价及其指标体系由重庆环境质量背景、人类对生态环境的影响程度及人类对生态环境的适宜度需求３部分组成。提出了县域生态环境质量考评的指标体系和评价方法。介绍了县域生态环境质量考评指标体系的基本原则,体系组成及部分指标说明和县域生态环境质量的评价方法。     

生态工程治理玄武湖水污染效果的监测与评价

选取总磷、总氮、叶绿素a、浮游生物、浮游植物等多项环境监测指标,对利用生态工程治疗玄武湖水环境污染的效果进行了环境监测与评价。指出生态工程治理玄武湖水环境污染效果显著,经过治理使湖水中生物多样性大大增加,浮游植物大幅减少,湖水透明度增加,总磷、总氮等主要指标大幅下降,生态工程区中的水环境已从高度富营养化降到中度富营养化。     

Ecological quality boundary-setting procedures: the Gulf of Riga case study

Two approaches for setting ecological class boundaries, response curves and a simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol, were tested for coastal, transitional and open waters in the Gulf of Riga, Baltic Sea. The simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol defines acceptable ecological status based on expert judgment by a uniform relative deviation from reference conditions. In contrast, response curves derive class boundary definitions from observed changes in biological quality elements along environmental pressure gradients for class boundary definitions. Identification of relevant environmental pressures for the construction of response curves was based on a conceptual model of eutrophication in the Gulf of Riga. Response curves were successfully established for summer chlorophyll a and transparency, as well as for macrozoobenthos abundance in the Central Gulf, macrozoobenthos biotic coefficient in the Southern Gulf, and maximum depth of phytobenthos in the Northern Gulf. In the Gulf of Riga response curves almost always permitted a larger deviation from reference conditions than the 50% deviation applied for the simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol. The case study clearly demonstrated that class boundary definitions should take into account the sensitivity of the target water body. Also, the class boundaries for different ecological quality elements were internally more consistent than those derived by the simplified mathematical boundary-setting protocol.     

中国环境监测信息产品的主要问题及发展方向

基于中国环境监测信息产品的发展现状,针对信息产品生产流程的监测数据生成、监测数据加工、信息产品服务3个阶段分别指出存在的主要问题,并提出未来需全面提升环境监测信息产品的科学性、准确性、敏感度、服务对象满意度以及信息供给普惠度。     

集中式饮用水水源地水质评价方法研究

简单介绍目前国内外饮用水水源地各种水质评价方法,指出我国集中式饮用水水源地现用单因子评价法存在的过保护问题,即以水质最差的单项指标所属类别来确定水体综合水质类别。同时,提出一种"类别因子评价法":若水源水质各项指标均满足标准限值要求,则水质达标;若存在理化指标或微生物指标超标情况,且监测结果未超过国标Ⅴ类水体水质标准要求的,则水质基本达标;若存在毒害指标超标情况,或"理化指标"、"微生物指标"监测结果超过国标Ⅴ类水体水质标准要求的,则水质不达标。对比应用表明,该方法是一种较为科学合理的水源水质评价办法。     

Vehicle routing for the eco-efficient collection of household plastic waste

Plastic waste is a special category of municipal solid waste. Plastic waste collection is featured with various alternatives of collection methods (curbside/drop-off) and separation methods (source-/post-separation). In the Netherlands, the collection routes of plastic waste are the same as those of other waste, although plastic is different than other waste in terms of volume to weight ratio. This paper aims for redesigning the collection routes and compares the collection options of plastic waste using eco-efficiency as performance indicator. Eco-efficiency concerns the trade-off between environmental impacts, social issues and costs. The collection problem is modeled as a vehicle routing problem. A tabu search heuristic is used to improve the routes. Collection alternatives are compared by a scenario study approach. Real distances between locations are calculated with MapPoint. The scenario study is conducted based on real case data of the Dutch municipality Wageningen. Scenarios are designed according to the collection alternatives with different assumptions in collection method, vehicle type, collection frequency and collection points, etc. Results show that the current collection routes can be improved in terms of eco-efficiency performance by using our method. The source-separation drop-off collection scenario has the best performance for plastic collection assuming householders take the waste to the drop-off points in a sustainable manner. The model also shows to be an efficient decision support tool to investigate the impacts of future changes such as alternative vehicle type and different response rates.     

中国古代生态哲学思想对当今社会生态文明建设的启示

党的十七大提出了建设生态文明的重大战略,将调整产业结构,转变发展方式,加强环境保护作为关系全局的重大任务,使生态文明的理论成为中国特色社会主义理论的重要内容。本文审视了中国古代生态哲学思想的内涵,探讨了当今社会生态文明建设与中国古代生态哲学思想的理论渊源,提出了中国古代生态哲学思想是当今社会生态文明建设的理论依据,阐明了中国古代生态哲学思想对当今社会生态文明建设的启示。     

Economic Development,Rural livelihoods,and Ecological Restoration: Evidence from China

This article uses a case study in Southeast China to demonstrate how the substantial changes in rural livelihoods have been driven by a combination of “pull” forces from external economic development, and “push” forces from local areas, leading to a shift in rural household economic activities: household outmigration and de-population of the countryside, changes in energy consumption, and most importantly, changes in land uses and eventually, ecological restoration. Such dramatic changes are becoming common across the Chinese countryside. It is pointed out that economic development has generally caused a deterioration of the environment at least at the early period of economic growth, but the positive impacts, especially in some ecosystem in rural areas, have become more apparent.     

The functional and physiological status of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda) exposed to secondary treated wastewater

Climate change scenarios predict lower flow rates during summer that may lead to higher proportions of wastewater in small and medium sized streams. Moreover, micropollutants (e.g. pharmaceuticals and other contaminants) continuously enter aquatic environments via treated wastewater. However, there is a paucity of knowledge, whether extended exposure to secondary treated wastewater disrupts important ecosystem functions, e.g. leaf breakdown. Therefore, the amphipod shredder Gammarus fossarum was exposed to natural stream water (n = 34) and secondary treated wastewater (n = 32) for four weeks in a semi-static test system under laboratory conditions. G. fossarum exposed to wastewater showed significant reductions in feeding rate (25%), absolute consumption (35%), food assimilation (50%), dry weight (18%) and lipid content (22%). Thus, high proportions of wastewater in the stream flow may affect both the breakdown rates of leaf material and thus the availability of energy for the aquatic food web as well as the energy budget of G. fossarum.     

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in sediment and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in fishes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb and As) in the water, sediment, and fish were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China. Potential ecological risk analysis of sediment heavy metal concentrations indicated that six sites in the middle reach, half of the sites in the lower reach, and two sites in lakes, posed moderate or considerable ecological risk. Health risk analysis of individual heavy metals in fish tissue indicated safe levels for the general population and for fisherman but, in combination, there was a possible risk in terms of total target hazard quotients. Correlation analysis and PCA found that heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) may be mainly derived from metal processing, electroplating industries, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Hg may also originate from coal combustion. Significant positive correlations between TN and As were observed.