安徽池州至安庆高速公路大渡口段软土路基工程地质研究(英文)

安徽沿江地区广泛分布的新近沉积软土,由于其埋藏厚度大、强度低、变形大、透水性低的工程特性而产生过大的路基沉降和路堤稳定性等工程地质问题,影响公路工程建设的质量和正常使用。本文对池州至安庆高速公路大渡口段软土路基的沉降和路堤稳定性进行了计算和工程地质评价。首先用分层总和法进行总沉降量计算,然后利用单向固结理论进行工后沉降计算。计算结果表明,软土路基工后沉降不能满足设计要求,须对其进行处理; 而填土路堤稳定性分析结果说明该路段路堤稳定。     

广东省的生态足迹与可持续发展研究

采用生态足迹模型对广东省2001年的生态足迹进行了实证计算和分析。结果表明:广东省生态足迹占用已远远超过其生态承载力,人均生态赤字为0.8198hm~2,总人口的生态赤字达6.20×10~7hm~2,表明广东生态系统的压力和强度甚高。造成广东高生态赤字的主要原因是:该省在快速的工业化和城市化进程中,高能源消耗及耕地资源流失量大。尽管广东可利用其经济优势,通过贸易来弥补部分的区域生态承载力不足,但由于当前大部分国家和地区人类对环境的影响已经超过了当地的生态承载力,因此从长远看,广东应主要考虑在不降低人们生活水平的前提下,减少生态足迹的需求,提高地区生态经济系统的发展能力。     

区域开发生态影响评价方法及应用

建立一套系统的区域生态影响评价方法，对于区域环评和环境的可持续发展具有重要的意义。以济南舜湖社区区域开发为例，建立和应用由生态指标法、图形叠图法、景观生态学方法构成的方法体系，对舜湖社区区域开发生态环境影响进行了评价，并提出生态保护和建设的具体措施。结果表明，3者构成的方法体系，能较全面的反映生态环境质量现状，预测生态环境影响，有较为广泛的应用前景。     

Influence of indoor transport and mixing time scales on the performance of sensor systems for characterizing contaminant releases

Optimizing real-time sensor systems to detect and identify relevant characteristics of an indoor contaminant event is a challenging task. The interpretation of incoming sensor data is confounded by uncertainties in building operation, in the forces driving contaminant transport, and in the physical parameters governing transport. In addition, simulation tools used by the sensor interpretation algorithm introduce modeling uncertainties. This paper explores how the time scales inherent in contaminant transport influence the information that can be extracted from real-time sensor data. In particular, we identify three time scales (within room mixing, room-to-room transport, and removal from the building) and study how they affect the ability of a Bayesian Monte Carlo (BMC) sensor interpretation algorithm to identify the release location and release mass from a set of experimental data, recorded in a multi-floor building. The research shows that some limitations in the BMC approach do not depend on details of the models or the algorithmic implementation, but rather on the physics of contaminant transport. These inherent constraints have implications for the design of sensor systems.     

Ecology of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Leptothorax</Emphasis> ants: impact of food,nest sites,and social parasites

In a long-term field manipulation, we demonstrate strong reactions of Leptothorax longispinosus ant colonies to food- and nest-site supplementation. Demographic and genetic responses varied over small geographic scales, and the two ecological factors interacted with the presence of the social parasite Protomognathus americanus. We conducted a 2×2 experiment in three blocks and found that the blocks, which were less than 100 m apart, reacted very differently to the treatments. Blocks differed in degree of polygyny, intranest relatedness, colony size, productivity, and sexual investment. Furthermore, these differences were associated with the presence of slave-making ants and the local availability of nest sites. Nest-site supplementation had a strong effect only in the site with the highest prevalence of social parasites, influencing there the density and investment patterns of colonies. L. longispinosus ants in the least parasitized area were strongly affected by both food- and nest-site supplementation. There, food supplementation led to a decrease in the number of queens per colony and consequently to an increase in intranest relatedness, while colonies in nest-site-supplemented areas invested fewer resources in males and produced a female-biased allocation ratio. By contrast, in a third block with a very low intracolonial relatedness, food supplementation induced an absolute and relative higher investment in males. We conclude that ecological factors influencing social organization in insect societies cannot be studied in isolation, because the interactions among factors produce far richer responses than any one variable.Communicated by L. Sundström     

环境执法工作面临的问题与改善途径

阐述环境执法存在的问题,对其现状、原因及进一步完善环境执法、提高依法行政水平提出了设想和建议。     

呼伦贝尔市环境问题现状及对策初探

通过对呼伦贝尔市自然条件、资源储备、生态环境的调查,分析该市在水环境、大气环境、固体废物排放以及生态环境等方面的污染现状,指出该市在环境保护方面所面临的问题,并选择适当的预测方案,预测在未来五年各类环境污染所带来的压力;探讨该市在水、大气、固废、生态环境等方面的优势及劣势,并在此基础上提出了解决对策。在环境规划中应该把握好经济发展与环境保护并重的方向,明确地方环境问题,有针对性地开展规划工作,重点地解决环境污染问题,因地制宜地开展环境保护与规划工作。     

Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis

A growing body of literature offers a framework for understanding geographic and ecological distributions of species; a few applications of this framework have treated disease transmission systems and their geography. The general framework focuses on interactions among abiotic requirements, biotic constraints, and dispersal abilities of species as determinants of distributional areas. Disease transmission systems have key differences from other sorts of biological phenomena: Interactions among species are particularly important, interactions may be stable or unstable, abiotic conditions may be relatively less important in shaping disease distributions, and dispersal abilities may be quite variable. The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever.     

Valuation of Ecological Resources and Functions

/ Ecological resources are natural resources that provide certain necessary but overlooked system maintenance functions within ecosystems. Environmental economics is in search of an appropriate analysis framework to determine economic values of such resources. This paper presents a framework that estimates and compiles the components of value for a natural ecosystem. The framework begins with the ecological processes involved, which provide functions within the ecosystem and services valued by humans. We discuss the additive or competive nature of these values, and estimate these values through conventional and unconventional techniques. We apply the framework to ecological resources in a shrub-steppe dryland habitat being displaced by development. We first determine which functions and services are mutually exclusive (e.g., farming vs soil stabilization) and which are complementary or products of joint production (e.g., soil stabilization and maintenance of species). We then apply benefit transfer principles with contingent valuation methodology (CVM), travel cost methodology (TCM), and hedonic damage pricing (HDP). Finally, we derive upper-limit values for more difficult-to-value functions through the use of human analogs, which we argue are the most appropriate method of valuation under some circumstances. The highest values of natural shrub-steppe habitat appear to be derived from soil stabilization.KEY WORDS: Natural resource economics; Ecological economics; Ecological resources; Shrub-steppe; Environmental valuation; Cost; Benefit; Value     

中国西北地区生态环境的现状及保护对策

近四十年来,由于种种原因,我国西北原本十分脆弱的生态环境愈加恶化,主要表现存:水土流失严重;绿色植被边培植、边破坏;草原退化,土地沙化;气候干旱,水资源短缺并遭受污染;大批珍稀动值物种群濒临灭绝。对此现状,我们认为,只有加强领导,强化生态意识,克服短期行为,大力植树种草,增加绿色覆盖,保护和合理利用水资源,才能改善大西北的生态环境。