Below-cost timber sales and the political marketplace

Political pressures exist to increase the economic efficiency of timber management and production on the national forests managed by the USDA Forest Service. There is growing belief both outside and within the Forest Service that current levels of timber production, and most particularly uneconomic timber production, should be reduced. Many argue that eliminating uneconomic timber management programs will both save money and reduce environmental degradation. This article traces the political evolution of the focus on economic efficiency in timber production and explores the political-institutional factors that are shaping the current policy debate. The below-cost issue is less about economic efficiency than it is about political advantage and alternative political visions of the societal role of the nation's national forests now and in the future.     

上海市地面沉降的经济损失评估

地面沉降是普遍的城市灾害和典型的缓慢积累型地质灾害。本文首次采用工程费用法,结合修正的人力资本法,定量评估了上海市由于地面沉降而修筑黄埔江、苏州河沿岸防汛墙的经济损失,估算了地面沉降造成码头、港口受淹、市区积水、桥梁净空减少等方面的经济损失。得出上海地面沉降的经济损失总额达508470.379万元,自1921年地面沉降以来每年的经济损失为7263.626万元。研究表明,控制地面沉降不仅具有积极的环境效益,更具有显著的经济效益。     

Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Zimbabwe revisited: fresh evidence from Maki cointegration

This study explores the relationship between electricity consumption, real gross domestic product per capita and carbon dioxide emissions in Zimbabwe. To achieve this, the study set off by examining the stationarity properties of the variables under review with the Zivot-Andrews (1992 Zivot, E., and D.W.K. Andrews. 1992. Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal Of Business and Economic Statistics 10:251-270. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1391541.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) unit root test that accounts for a single structural break. Subsequently, Maki (2012 Maki, Daiki. 2012. “Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks.” Economic Modelling 29 (5): 2011–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECONMOD.2012.04.022 [Google Scholar]) cointegration test, which accounts for multiple structural breaks, is applied for equilibrium relationship between the variables under review while the long run regression of dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) is employed for long-run coefficients as estimation procedures. In order to account for the direction of causality flow, the Toda-Yamamoto (1995 Toda, H Y.., and Taku Yamamoto. 1995. Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal Of Econometrics 66 (1–2):225–50. doi: 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) causality test is used for annual frequency data set spanning from 1971–2014. Empirical evidence from the Maki cointegration test shows that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and real gross domestic product per capita over the sampled period. The long-run regression suggests that there exist a positive statistically significant relationship between real income and electricity consumption. Thus, corroborating the electricity-led growth hypothesis. This result is supported by the causality test, as one-way causality is observed running from electricity consumption to real gross domestic product. Thus, this is suggestive to government administrators and policymakers that the Zimbabwean economy is electricity dependent. However, there is a tradeoff for environmental quality. As the increase in electricity consumption increases carbon dioxide emissions. The need for diversification of Zimbabwe energy portfolio to cleaner and environmentally friendly energy sources is recommended, given the world global consciousness for cleaner energy consumption.     

长江经济带经济增长进程中的水资源阻尼效应研究

为量化2000-2016年长江经济带水资源消耗量对经济增长的约束程度，本文在科布道格拉斯生产函数中加入水资源要素，构建改进的Romer增长阻尼模型进行实证分析。结果显示：①研究期内长江经济带水资源增长阻尼系数总体稳定，水资源对经济增长的约束作用程度经历了明显的强弱变化；②研究期内水资源增长阻尼显著降低并趋向平稳，说明水资源对长江经济带经济增长的约束作用减弱并逐渐稳定；③浙江、上海、江西等7个省份存在明显的水资源增长阻尼，区域差异显著。由此，本文建议：长江经济带各省市应提升水资源利用效率，同时加大资本投入、优化劳动力结构，在区域协调发展方面可构建水权交易机制，以期使长江经济带在水资源"大保护"约束下实现经济的持续发展。     

Economic appraisal and evaluation of UK waste minimisation clubs: proposals to inform the design of sustainable clubs

Waste minimisation clubs have been established for some 12 years in the UK. During that time, they have been significant driving forces in disseminating sustainable waste management practices in industry and commerce. Clubs have also demonstrated that they can achieve significant reductions in levels of waste. However, data on the economic benefits of these clubs remain scanty and disparate. In addition, no standard methodology has developed to assess whether the investment costs of clubs can be justified on grounds of either economic welfare or sustainable development, despite the theoretical advantages from doing so. Against this background, the paper considers the need for economic appraisal and evaluation of waste minimisation clubs and discusses how these methods could be applied to the creation of clubs that will be sustainable over time.     

煤矿事故中生命价值经济评价探讨

我国每年都有大量的煤矿事故发生 ,造成数千名矿工死亡 ,对死亡矿工的经济赔偿 ,往往是事故处理的一大难题 ,其主要原因是目前对死亡矿工的赔偿标准偏低。由于赔偿费用低 ,经济赔偿的代价不足 ,以引起威慑和警戒 ,部分煤矿企业仍然不重视安全生产、不珍惜矿工生命 ,从而煤矿伤亡事故不断发生。分析了目前国内外主要的生命价值评价方法和评价结果 ,对煤矿事故中的生命价值进行了研究 ,提出采用净产值推算矿工的生命价值 ,并给出了相应的计算公式和分析实例。分析结果表明 ,目前的赔偿标准不能体现矿工的生命价值 ,二者之间存在相当大的差距     

运用税收手段保护环境

目前,发达国家十分重视运用税收手段保护环境,促进经济、社会的可持续发展。本文首先分析了税收手段在环境保护中的作用,然后对我国应用税收手段保护环境的现状进行了分析,最后,对我国的“绿色”税收制度进行了探讨。     

汕头经济特区二次创业与农业产业化

本文介绍了农业产业化的基本理论,分析了汕头经济特区的经济现状与问题,并提出了汕头经济特区发展农业产业化的建议。     

广东耕地面积变化与经济发展关系的初步研究

本文选择ＧＤＰ增长率、人口增长率和耕地面积减少率为主要分析指标,详细讨论了１９７８～１９９６年广东省经济增长、人口增加和耕地面积减少之间的关系。研究发现,耕地面积大量减少现象的发生时间与经济的“过热”增长阶段基本同步,具体则受固定资产投资规模的牵动;认为经济增长是影响广东省耕地面积变化的主要宏观驱动因子。     

芦苇床处理油田污水的探讨

芦苇床处理油田污水，又名芦苇湿地污水处理工艺，工艺简单、可靠、投资低、效果好，国外早已成功地应用于生活污水的处理。辽河油田将此工艺初试于油田污水，前景喜人，有望达到生态上的良性循环。