丝绸之路经济带环保投资效应研究

丝绸之路经济带建设是我国的重大战略决策,但是脆弱的生态环境制约了该区域的可持续发展。环保投资能够实现经济与环境的双赢,是复兴丝绸之路经济繁荣和生态文明的重要推手。为了解丝绸之路经济带的环保投资效应,进而提供优化丝绸之路经济带环保投资的决策支持,本文应用2004-2011年丝绸之路经济带9省市的数据,构建面板效应模型,测度丝绸之路经济带环保投资总额及投资分项的经济与环境效应。其中,环境污染治理投资总额以及三种环保投资分项(即建设项目"三同时"投资、工业污染源治理投资、城市环境基础设施建设投资)是自变量;表征经济发展总量、结构、就业的5项指标和表征环境质量的资源利用、污染排放的5项指标是因变量。研究发现,丝绸之路经济带的环保投资能够有效带动该区域的经济总量增长、经济结构优化、就业水平提升,同时有助于该区域提升资源利用效率、降低污染排放;三类环保投资分项的经济与环境效应中,城市环境基础设施建设投资起主导作用,工业污染源治理投资效应最差;丝绸之路经济带9省市的环保投资效应相差较大,其中四川省环保投资效应最优。虽然丝绸之路经济带的环保投资已取得一定成效,但是仍存在以下问题:其一,环保投资总量不足,尚未达到环境质量改善所需的国际标准;其二,环保投资结构不合理,即环保投资过于集中在城市环境基础设施建设上,工业污染治理投资相对较弱;其三,环保投资流向不恰当,表现为环保投资对就业水平提升、产业高级化、能耗控制、固废处置的作用不明显。针对丝绸之路经济带环保投资的现存问题,本文提出以下建议:通过政府环保支出引导社会资金流入环保市场,进而加大丝绸之路经济带的环保投资力度;调整环保投资分项比例,将环保投资向工业污染源治理转移;改善环保投资流向,使其促进环保产业发展、推动清洁能源使用、提升工业固废和生活垃圾综合利用能力等。     

基于环境效率评价的成渝经济区产业结构与布局优化

优化、高效的产业结构及布局是区域经济社会环境全面发展的必备条件。借用区位商的指标设计理念,尝试性地提出了产业环境商和区域环境商的概念和计算公式,并以此为基础对成渝经济区的产业结构及空间布局进行了优化,为基于区域资源禀赋、产业基础、产业竞争力等经济社会指标优化产业结构和空间布局的传统范式加入了新视角和新方法,也为环保部门参与综合决策提供了新的理论支撑。从缓解酸雨问题入手,基于各行业SO2排放的区域环境商和产业环境商测算结果,对成渝经济区产业结构进行了优化。在此基础上,以造纸业为例,基于各地市SO2排放的区域环境商的测算结果,结合各地市SO2的可增排量和造纸业的产业发展现状,对成渝经济区造纸业的空间布局进行了优化     

Multifaceted Value Profiles of Forest Owner Categories in South Sweden: The River Helge å Catchment as a Case Study

Forest landscapes provide benefits from a wide range of goods, function and intangible values. But what are different forest owner categories’ profiles of economic use and non-use values? This study focuses on the complex forest ownership pattern of the River Helge å catchment including the Kristianstad Vattenrike Biosphere Reserve in southern Sweden. We made 89 telephone interviews with informants representing the four main forest owner categories. Our mapping included consumptive and non-consumptive direct use values, indirect use values, and non-use values such as natural and cultural heritage. While the value profiles of non-industrial forest land owners and municipalities included all value categories, the forest companies focused on wood production, and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency on nature protection. We discuss the challenges of communicating different forest owners’ economic value profiles among stakeholders, the need for a broader suite of forest management systems, and fora for collaborative planning.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0374-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Determination of the effect of operating cost uncertainty on mining project evaluation

Mining projects are complex businesses that demand constant risk assessment. This is because several kinds of uncertainties influence the value of a mine project, typically. These uncertainties may be classified as exploration uncertainties, economic uncertainties and engineering uncertainties. The evaluation of a mine project under these uncertainties is a complicated job, which may lead to making a wrong decision by managers and stockholders. Therefore, at first, the engineers must recognize the mining uncertainties before carrying out the project evaluation. The economic uncertainties are the most important factors, which may affect the project evaluation. Among the mentioned uncertainties, the operating cost uncertainty is an important and effective factor, which is ignored to a certain extent.     

Socioeconomic Driving Factors of Nitrogen Load from Food Consumption and Preventive Measures

To diagnose environmental nitrogen (N) load from food consumption and to suggest preventive measures, this study identified relationships between nitrogen load from food consumption and driving factors by examining six representative countries and regions for the period 1970–2009 as an example. The logarithmic mean Divisia index technique was used to disassemble nitrogen load growth into four driving factors: population, economic activity, food intensity of the economy, and nitrogen content of food. In all study areas, increased economic activity was the main factor driving nitrogen load increase. The positive effect of population growth was relatively small but not negligible and changes in food intensity had a decreasing effect on nitrogen load. Changes in nitrogen content of food varied between areas. Broad strategies to reduce and mitigate nitrogen loading and decouple nitrogen load from economic growth in both developed and developing countries are suggested.     

湖北省县域迁入人口的空间格局及影响因素

利用第五次和第六次人口普查分县资料,分析湖北省县际迁入人口的空间格局及变化,探讨迁入人口空间格局形成的内生机制。研究发现,2000年以来迁入人口向地级市市辖区以及与其邻接的地区集中,县际分布差异扩大,但是空间集聚程度下降,以武汉市为中心的"中心-外围"空间格局日益明显。在地区名义工资和社会发展水平等其他条件不变的情况下,差异化工业制成品和服务业产品的可获得性是人口迁入的重要原因。而推进区域一体化可以提高本地对差异化产品的可获得性,吸引人口迁入,进而诱发人口与产业向本地同向集聚。     

长江经济带市域生态文明建设现状及发展潜力初探

生态文明建设是长江经济带下一阶段的工作重点之一。从生态文明和发展潜力的内涵出发,构建了耦合协调度模型和发展潜力模型,并对长江经济带生态文明建设情况进行分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带东中西部生态文明特征差异明显,东部为经济、社会系统优势区,中部为相对协调区,西部为自然系统相对优势区;(2)当前长江经济带生态文明格局主要受经济因素的影响;(3)协调发展地区整体上表现出最佳的生态文明发展潜力,协调发展应成为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要途径。     

APEC会议期间天津市PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子的污染特征

2014年11月6—11日,亚太经济合作组织(APEC)会议在北京市召开,京津冀区域采取了最高级别的空气质量保障措施。于2014年11月3—20日同步手动采集天津市PM2.5样品,对APEC会议期间(2014年11月3—11日,在此期间实施了空气质量保障措施)及会议后(2014年11月12—20日)天津市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子组分浓度、二次转化特征等进行了分析。结果表明,APEC会议期间,天津市PM2.5平均质量浓度为78μg/m3,而会议后达到87μg/m3;会议期间PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的浓度为NO-3SO2-4NH+4Cl-K+Na+Ca2+Mg2+,会议后,除Mg2+外,各项离子浓度均有不同程度的上升;会议期间,PM2.5中NO-3浓度最高,在水溶性无机离子中所占比例为38.9%,其次为SO2-4(为22.0%)、NH+4(为20.8%),3者所占比例合计为81.7%,会议后3者所占比例降至75.0%;会议期间的大气污染以流动源为主;会议后,硫氧化率和氮氧化率均不同程度减弱,说明会议期间的二次离子转化更为明显;会议期间的停工停产措施对PM2.5中一次离子来源有明显改变,城市扬尘得到明显抑制。     

Measuring the gains from improved air quality in the San Joaquin Valley

Many regions worldwide are experiencing rapid urbanization, and often along with growth in the local economy and population comes worsening air quality. Such regions typically find that addressing the additional challenge of polluted air is difficult. This paper reports the results of an assessment of the present health and related economic costs of poor air quality in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Further, it suggests how such assessments can support strategies to pursue pollution reductions that offer the largest near-term gains, by rigorously modeling the associations between pollution levels, demographic groups, and recognized adverse health effects.     

Distribution of Economic Benefits from Ecotourism: A Case Study of Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas in China

Ecotourism is widely promoted as a conservation tool and actively practiced in protected areas worldwide. Theoretically, support for conservation from the various types of stakeholder inside and outside protected areas is maximized if stakeholders benefit proportionally to the opportunity costs they bear. The disproportional benefit distribution among stakeholders can erode their support for or lead to the failure of ecotourism and conservation. Using Wolong Nature Reserve for Giant Pandas (China) as an example, we demonstrate two types of uneven distribution of economic benefits among four major groups of stakeholders. First, a significant inequality exists between the local rural residents and the other types of stakeholder. The rural residents are the primary bearers of the cost of conservation, but the majority of economic benefits (investment, employment, and goods) in three key ecotourism sectors (infrastructural construction, hotels/restaurants, and souvenir sales) go to other stakeholders. Second, results show that the distribution of economic benefits is unequal among the rural residents inside the reserve. Most rural households that benefit from ecotourism are located near the main road and potentially have less impact on panda habitat than households far from the road and closer to panda habitats. This distribution gap is likely to discourage conservation support from the latter households, whose activities are the main forces degrading panda habitats. We suggest that the unequal distribution of the benefits from ecotourism can be lessened by enhancing local participation, increasing the use of local goods, and encouraging relocation of rural households closer to ecotourism facilities.