长江经济带水污染物减排的空间效应及驱动因素

构建2011~2015年水污染物排放及社会经济数据库，选取COD、氨氮2项指标，解析“十二五”时期长江经济带水污染物的减排过程与时空特征，并采用空间计量模型定量解析减排空间效应及驱动因素.研究发现：5年间长江经济带水污染物减排过程的集聚特征显著，高排放-高减排区主要位于长江三角洲地区，而环境效益趋差的高排放-低减排区仍然存在.空间效应对长江经济带水污染物减排具有一定影响，本地排污增加不利于邻地减排.人口规模、城镇化水平和农业经济份额是驱动长江经济带水污染物排放的主导因素，到2015年，人口规模和农业经济份额因素的驱动力均有不同程度下降，但城镇化水平的驱动力仍在提升.外商直接投资和工业化水平分别对COD和氨氮排放呈正向驱动，需警惕外资流入和快速工业化进程给相应特征污染物造成的减排压力.亟需推动本地和邻地就排污标准与减排总量达成规制共识，协同建立环境准入、污染付费等深层次减排模式；工程减排的同时共抓结构减排，针对长江经济带驱动因素与污染排放的空间耦合性，从源头倒逼产业结构、消费结构、种植结构、资本结构等向清洁化转变.     

Structural path analysis of ecosystem networks

This paper explains the application of structural path analysis (SPA), an input–output-based technique for measuring flows in ecological and linked ecological–economic networks. Previous methods of input–output flow analysis have concluded with aggregate indexes relying on the summing feature of the Leontief inverse in order to completely account for throughflows along a multitude of inter-compartmental paths. This paper shows that for most linear dissipative networks, a manageable number of paths of limited length exist that cover in the order of 99% or more of total throughflow. These paths can be conveniently extracted, enumerated and ranked using SPA.     

易燃易爆重大危险源（罐区）监控预警系统经济投入效益分析评价方法

从经济学的角度，对罐区安装监控预警系统进行成本／效益分析，借鉴一般工业项目的经济评价方法和参数，提出了一套适合我国国情的安全项目的经济评价方法。     

四川跨世纪经济发展中防灾与环保的思考

本文试从防灾与环保的角度，结合三个跨世纪经济发展地区的实际，论述了三峡库区水环境恶化，库岸地质灾害的发展趋势，攀枝花能源和矿产资源开发区的自然灾害与人类不合理活动加剧可能带来的灾害性后果；川西经济开发区日益严重的环境污染问题，提出了加强防灾、环保的一些建议，作为四川跨世纪经济发展避免少走弯路的引玉之砖。     

世界职业灾害概述

本文讨论了我国和工业发达国家及世界范围的职业灾害问题，涉及事故伤亡数、重大恶性事故、职业危害、经济损失等四个方面．     

Population viability analysis as a tool in wildlife conservation policy: With reference to Australia

Wildlife conservation policy for endangered species restoration follows a six-phase process. Population viability analysis (PVA) can play a major contributing role in four of these. PVA, as discussed here, is a technique where extinction vulnerabilities of small populations are estimated using computer simulation modeling. The benefits and limitations of using PVA in wildlife decision and policy processes are reviewed based on our direct experience. PVA permits decision makers to set time frames for management, estimate the required magnitude of restoration efforts, identify quantitative targets for species recovery, and select, implement, monitor, and evaluate management strategies. PVA is of greatest value for rare species policy and management. However, a limitation of PVA simulation models is that they are constrained by the amount of biological data available, and such data are difficult to obtain from small populations that are at immediate risk of extinction. These problems may be overcome with improved models and more data. Our experience shows benefits of PVA far outweigh its limitations, and applications of the approach are most useful when integrated with decision analysis and completed within an adaptive management philosophy. PVAs have been carried out for 14 Victorian species and less used elsewhere in Australia. Management and recovery plans are developed from these PVAs. We recommend that PVA be used to guide research programs, develop conservation strategies, and inform decision and policy making for both endangered and nonendangered species because it can significantly improve many aspects of natural resource policy and management.     

Should restoration of small western watersheds be public policy in the United States?

Additional research is needed to determine whether restoration of degraded watersheds in the western United States should become large-scale public policy. Numerous small projects have demonstrated that vegetation can be restored, sediment losses halted, and, in some cases, formerly ephemeral streams made perennial. But if all watersheds in a basin were restored, what would be the overall effects both ecologically and economically? For example, if large-scale restoration of small watersheds were conducted in a western river basin, what would be the effects on water yield and quality for the basin as a whole? Would implementing basin-wide watershed restoration be cost-effective? A means of examining this question is to monitor a watershed prior to and during the restoration process and to compare the results to a control watershed. The watersheds would be instrumented such that the ecological processes and water balance could be monitored both instream and within the associated groundwater system. Overall effects would then be subjected to economic and policy analysis, and modeling would be used to extrapolate the new information over the entire basin. These results would then be available to political leaders and government agencies for determining whether large-scale watershed restoration should be public policy.     

Clarifying the definition ofSustainable agriculture

A number of distinct definitions ofsustainable agriculture have been proposed. In this paper we criticize two such definitions, primarily for conflating sustainability with other objectives such as economic viability and ecological integrity. Finally, we propose and defend a definition which avoids our objections to the other definitions.     

论灾害经济研究中的风险分析方法

灾害风险是自然风险与社会经济风险皆有、纯风险与投机风险兼顾的一种多层次多侧面的风险类型。并据此从风险分析的角度，对有关的灾害经济行为进行了理论上的探讨。着重从宏观意义上对防灾经济行为予以剖析；而对于救灾经济行为则从灾害发生的危急性、群发性以及灾后恢复三个方面进行了相关的风险分析。     

影响经济与环境协调发展的经济根源

环境污染作为一种经济行为,必然受到经济运行规律的制约,它的产生有着深刻的经济根源。影响经济环境协调的因素有市场失效、政策失效等。市场在分配和有效利用环境资源上失效,使得政府通过经济政策进行干预成为必要,但政府政策有强化环境资源市场失真而非纠正的趋势。只有采取各项政策和手段的组合运用才可能促进经济与环境持续发展。