德兴铜矿采场汽车运输道路扬尘治理技术

通过介绍在德兴铜矿应用MPS-2型抑尘剂,建造现场抑尘加工站,并在矿山采场道路喷洒抑尘剂,测试分析了抑尘剂的抑尘效果,并对其经济成本指标进行了测算,确认在该矿应用MPS-2型抑尘剂可创造显著的社会环境效益和经济效益。     

An economic assessment of the health effects and crop yield losses caused by air pollution in mainland China

Air pollution is severe in China, and pollutants such as PM_(2.5) and surface O_3 may cause major damage to human health and crops, respectively. Few studies have considered the health effects of PM_(2.5) or the loss of crop yields due to surface O_3 using model-simulated air pollution data in China. We used gridded outputs from the WRF-Chem model, high resolution population data, and crop yield data to evaluate the effects on human health and crop yield in mainland China. Our results showed that outdoor PM_(2.5) pollution was responsible for 1.70–1.99 million cases of all-cause mortality in 2006. The economic costs of these health effects were estimated to be 151.1–176.9 billion USD, of which 90% were attributed to mortality. The estimated crop yield losses for wheat, rice, maize, and soybean were approximately 9, 4.6, 0.44, and 0.34 million tons, respectively, resulting in economic losses of 3.4 billion USD. The total economic losses due to ambient air pollution were estimated to be 154.5–180.3 billion USD, accounting for approximately 5.7%–6.6% of the total GDP of China in 2006. Our results show that both population health and staple crop yields in China have been significantly affected by exposure to air pollution. Measures should be taken to reduce emissions, improve air quality, and mitigate the economic loss.     

Is there a commercially viable market for crop insurance in rural Bangladesh?

The study aims to assess the commercial viability of a potential crop insurance market in Bangladesh. In a large scale household survey, agricultural farm households were asked for their preferences for a hypothetical crop insurance scheme using double bounded (DB) contingent valuation (CV) method. Both revenue and production cost based indemnity payment approaches were applied to assess the commercial viability of a crop insurance program assuming a partner-agent (PA) model of insurance supply. Crop insurance is found marginally commercially viable in riverine flood plain areas. The expected indemnity payable consistently exceeds the expected insurance premium receivable by the insurer for the households living in wetland basin and coastal floodplain. We conclude that a uniform structure of crop insurance market does not exist in Bangladesh. The nature of the disaster risks faced by the farm households and the socio-economic characteristics of the rural farm communities need to be taken into careful consideration while designing such an insurance scheme.

抚顺市经济增长与水环境质量关系研究

为了揭示沈阳经济区发展对水环境的影响,以典型城市抚顺为研究对象,以环境库兹涅茨曲线理论为基础,根据1995-2008年辽宁省环境统计资料、辽宁省统计年鉴和抚顺市统计年鉴的数据,构建了抚顺市经济增长与工业废水排放量、COD排放量的库兹涅茨曲线模型,分析了抚顺市经济增长与水环境之间的关系;按照三种减排情景,预测出抚顺市2010年、2015年COD的排放量。结果表明,经济增长与水环境质量的关系符合倒U形曲线;GDP按照年均增长16%,COD排放量按照16.3%削减,2015年抚顺市COD排放量是2005年的48.29%;如果2006年至2015年期间COD不进行削减排放,则2015年COD排放将是2005年的近两倍;按照GDP年均增长16%,若想使水环境逐年改善,则"十一五"期间COD需要减排55.78%",十二五"期间需要减排44.79%。     

Employment and structural impacts of material efficiency strategies: results from five case studies

In order to come up with a sound assessment of the effects of material efficiency innovations on growth, employment and competitiveness, different economic mechanisms have to be considered. From a methodological point of view, the analysis must be able to account for technology specific aspects. The employment impacts of five innovations are analyzed: plastic and paper recycling, increased life span of automobiles, car sharing, and bio-based products. Time horizons for all strategies are scenarios until 2020.The economic impacts are context specific with regard to innovation, technology and country. The economic impacts highlight substantial structural adjustments. The overall economic net impact on employment tends to be neutral to positive. Stronger positive economic impacts result if first mover advantages can be established.     

基于GIS的关中-天水经济区物质积累基础评价

一个地区发展的结果往往直接体现在物质财富的生产和积累上。因此可以从资源角度出发,以资源转化为视角,以区域物质财富为着眼点来反映区域发展进程。论文从基础设施水平、交通通达度、经济发展水平三方面,构建物质积累指数模型;运用GIS技术和数理统计方法,以2006、2007、2008三年数据为例,计算关中-天水经济区分县(区)物质积累指数,系统评价经济区物质积累水平。结果表明:①除个别县(区)外,关中-天水经济区各县(区)的物质积累指数呈现出逐年增加的趋势,但增幅都不大,只有7个县(区)的增长幅度超过了4%,增长最快的并不是各市辖区,而是物质积累指数处于中等水平的部分县(区);②经济区物质积累指数中心3 a均位于咸阳市礼泉县境内,位置变化不大;③关中地区的物质积累指数普遍高于商洛及天水地区,并且呈现出东西方向的狭长走势。     

建设好泛长江经济带

泛长江经济带是由长江经济带衍生出的一个新的"大流域"概念。在我国未来"三纵四横"水网布局的大背景下,泛长江经济带不局限于长江干流,同时还应覆盖由长江源头、干流、支流、人工河渠组成的生态系统的大流域,覆盖范围从原有的9省2市增加至包括青海、西藏、广西、陕西、河南、河北、山东、山西、广东、北京、天津在内的18省4市。泛长江经济带的形成是区域内各省市经济社会生态关联日益强化的客观体现。为保证泛长江经济带经济社会各方面的高效运作协调发展,建议组建"长江经济带科学协同发展领导小组"统筹协调区域内各类规划的制定及重大工程的实施,务实推进泛长江经济带建设。     

Hepatic effects of yttrium oxide nanoflowers: in vitro risk evaluation

Yttrium oxide nanoflowers were prepared by a hydrothermal technique, and X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine their structures. The cytotoxic and genotoxic potentials of aqueous dispersions of the nanoflowers to cultured primary rat hepatocytes were examined at concentrations up to 500 mg L^?1 for 72 h. Cell viability was determined by monitoring the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, release of lactate dehydrogenase, and uptake of neutral red. Genotoxicity was assessed by the liver micronucleus assay. Exposure to Y₂O₃ nanoflowers at concentrations lower than 100 mg L^?1 did not lead to any cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. At higher concentrations (200, 400, and 500 mg L^?1), cell viability decreased and induction of micronuclei increased (400 and 500 mg L^?1).     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity,economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO2 emission sectors, China’s iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO2 emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO2 abatement,investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO2 emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO2 abatement in China’s iron and steel industry, while achieving CO2 emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth.This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth.Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO2 abatement.