我国环境污染事故源解析研究

收集了2000²010年我国环境污染事故统计数据,并从污染事故的风险致灾因子、引发原因和主要涉及行业3个角度,对11年间的1065起污染事故案例展开深度剖析。结果表明:20002010年我国环境污染事故统计数据,并从污染事故的风险致灾因子、引发原因和主要涉及行业3个角度,对11年间的1065起污染事故案例展开深度剖析。结果表明:2000²010年间我国环境污染事故的主要风险致灾因子是工业废水,其造成的污染事故占事故总数的比例高达43%,应成为环境风险管理关注重点;人为因素引起的环境污染事故占事故总数的87.98%,是引发环境污染事故的主要原因;污染事故主要涉及的行业包括采矿业、制造业、电力燃气水的生产和供应业、交通运输业及废物治理业,其中,化学原料及化学品制造业发生的环境污染事故累计次数较高,达82起。因此企业需积极提高自身,同时相关部门需加强对重点行业、主要风险因子的监督审查力度。     

东莞麻涌农用地重金属的化学形态及生物效应

通过对东莞麻涌镇农用地重金属Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb总量及化学形态调查研究。结果显示,以国家土壤二级标准为参考,该目标地土壤Cd含量超标率达79.25%,Cu超标率达51.50%,Ni,Pb未超标。其中Cd离子交换态所占比例较大,达21.83%,Cu、Pb、Ni以残渣态为主。场地作物(菜心、通菜和葱)重金属含量测试结果表明,其含量结果与土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb各形态、总量之间存在不同程度的联系。     

抗锶放线菌的分子鉴定及对Sr~(2+)的吸附效果和初步吸附机理分析

从大亚湾核电站附近水体中分离筛选出一株抗锶放线菌(编号YF-64),研究了该菌株在不同环境参数条件下对锶的吸附效果和初步机理,通过形态和16S rDNA序列相结合的方法对菌株进行了分类鉴定,采用红外光谱(FT-IR)分析技术对菌株吸附前后进行表征,探讨其吸附机制。结果表明,抗锶菌株隶属于天蓝黄链霉菌(基因序列登录号:JF901702),菌株对Sr~(2+)具有较强的吸附效果,根据数据显示,当接触时间为50 min,pH值为6,Sr~(2+)初始浓度为50 mg/L,摇床转速为120 r/min时,该菌株的吸附效果达到最佳为44.29 mg/g;FT-IR结果显示,JF901702菌株对Sr~(2+)的吸附主要是由细胞壁上的羟基,次甲基,羰基起主要吸附作用。由此可知,JF901702菌株可作为经济、高效、环境友好的生物吸附材料进行废水重金属处理。     

高空飞行的环境影响研究进展

航空运输业的高速发展的同时,环境问题亦不容小觑。民航是我国重要的交通运输方式之一,但我国民航运输业对于高空飞行对环境的影响的研究却很少。航空器巡航阶段属于高空飞行,占整个飞行时间的80%,因飞行距离长,距离地面高,所带来的温室效应具有放大效果,引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。文章概述了高空飞行的危害,认为CO_2排放和凝结尾生成是大气温室效应的直接污染源,进而对国内外典型的高空飞行影响评估模型进行阐述,并分析研究了高空飞行的温室效应防治措施。     

Effect of scale on flame speeds of methane-air

Explosions are the main types of accidents causing casualties in underground coal mines. Research on the mechanisms of gas explosions is needed as a basis for the development of techniques and strategies for explosion prevention, suppression, and mitigation. The prevention of loss in explosion accidents and inquiries into their causes require understanding of the explosion process of methane in air. Because of the high cost and safety issues in full scale experiments, the experiments with small scale ducts have become a key alternative approach. Whether the experimental results at small scales agree with those at full scales needs to be investigated to validate the significance of the experimental results at small scale. Numerical simulation was used to obtain the explosion characteristics of a methane-air mixture in a gallery or duct. If the grid size is too fine in the numerical simulation for a methane-air explosion it is difficult to calculate using the present computer resource. If the grid size is too coarse, the considerable error may result. The effect of grid size on results of calculation depends on the scenario being investigated. The effect of grid sizes on simulation accuracy was analyzed in this work. The overpressure and temperature distributions and the flame propagation for the deflagration of methane-air mixtures in a gallery or duct were obtained by the AutoReaGas code at three different scales. The geometry of investigated objects and the grids in the calculation domain were similar in the three cases. The calculated overpressures vary with the scale. The calculated temperatures do not vary with the scale for the three cases.     

煤化工厂烟气中苯并(a)芘现状监测分析

通过试验建立了煤化工厂烟气中苯并(a)芘的液相色谱监测分析方法.通过条件优化,用配有荧光检测器的高效液相色谱仪分析烟气样品中苯并(a)芘的含量,该方法以乙腈、水梯度比例混合作为流动相;流速为1.0 ml/min;激发波长为255nm、发射波长为420nm;保留时间为27.38 min,测定检出限为2×10-3μg/m3...     

Effect of precipitation pH and coexisting magnesium ion on phosphate adsorption onto hydrous zirconium oxide

To understand the effect of precipitation pH and coexisting Mg~(2+) on phosphate adsorption onto zirconium oxide(ZrO_2), ZrO_2 particles precipitated at pH 5.3, 7.1 and 10.5, i.e., ZrO_2(5.3), ZrO_2(7.1)and ZrO_2(10.5), respectively were prepared and characterized, then their adsorption performance and mechanism in the absence and presence of Mg~(2+) were comparatively investigated in this study. The results showed that the Elovich, pseudo-second-order and Langmuir isotherm models correlated with the experimental data well. The adsorption mechanism involved the complexation between phosphate and zirconium. Coexisting Mg~(2+) slightly inhibited the adsorption of phosphate on ZrO_2(5.3), including the adsorption capacity and rate, but coexisting Mg~(2+) greatly increased the adsorption capacity and rate for ZrO_2(7.1)and ZrO_2(10.5). The enhanced adsorption of phosphate on ZrO_2(7.1) and ZrO_2(10.5) in the presence of Mg~(2+) was mainly due to the formation of Mg~(2+)-HPO_4~(2-) ion pair(MgHPO_4~0) in the solution and then the adsorption of MgHPO_4~0 on the adsorbent surface, forming the phosphatebridged ternary complex Zr(OPO_3H)Mg. In the absence of Mg~(2+) , the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity at pH 7 calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model decreased in the order of ZrO 2(7.1)(67.3 mg/g) ZrO_2(5.3)(53.6 mg/g) ≈ ZrO_2(10.5)(53.1 mg/g), but it followed the order of Zr O2(7.1)(97.0 mg/g) ZrO_2(10.5)(79.7 mg/g) ZrO_2(5.3)(51.3 mg/g) in the presence of Mg~(2+) . The results of this work suggest that ZrO_2(7.1) is more suitable for use as an adsorbent for the effective removal of phosphate from municipal wastewater than ZrO_2(5.3) and ZrO_2(10.5),because Mg~(2+) is generally present in this wastewater.     

河北省农村城镇化对生态环境的影响及对策研究

当前河北省农村城镇化进入了快速发展的时期,由于规划不合理、传统经济增长方式制约、基础设施薄弱等原因,出现了自然资源的浪费和耗竭,以及严重的环境污染问题。因此各级政府须科学合理规划、切实推进农村城镇化,转变农村传统经济增长方式,加大对农村环境基础设施建设的资金投入,同时也要加强对农村居民生态环境保护的教育。     

甘肃省自然灾害及其防治对策

本文就甘肃省自然灾害的类型、分布、成因及其对社会经济的影响进行了分析研究,并提出了防治对策。     

Determining a realistic ranking of the most dangerous process equipment of the ammonia production process: A practical approach

OCI Nitrogen seeks to gain knowledge of (leading) indicators regarding the process safety performance of their ammonia production process. The current research determines the most dangerous process equipment by calculating their effects resulting from a loss of containment using DNV GL's Phast™ dispersion model. In this paper, flammable and toxic effects from a release from the main equipment of an ammonia plant have been calculated. Such an encompassing approach, which can be carried out for an entire plant, is innovative and has never been conducted before. By using this model, it has been demonstrated that the effects arising from an event of failure are the largest in process equipment containing pressurized synthesis gas and ‘warm’ liquid ammonia, meaning the ammonia buffer tanks, ammonia product pumps, and the ammonia separator. Most importantly, this document substantiates that it is possible to rank the most hazardous process equipment of the ammonia production process based on an adverse impact on humans using the calculated effect distance as a starting point for a chance of death of at least 95%. The results from the effect calculations can be used for risk mapping of an entire chemical plant or be employed and applied in a layer of protection analysis (LOPA) to establish risk mitigation measures.