水葫芦控制性种养技术研究

利用水葫芦强大的无性繁殖能力和对水体氮磷的吸附能力,可以有效治理水体内源污染。大规模的水葫芦圈养必须解决水葫芦逃逸问题,在满足安全生长的前提下实施经济效益和生态效益高的圈养方式,是水葫芦产业得以推广的必要保证。     

水葫芦圈养对星云湖富营养化水体水质的影响

为了研究水葫芦圈养对富营养化水域的影响,对星云湖14个实验区的采样点及8个对照区采样点的水质各理化性质指标、化学需氧量（COD）、生化需氧量（BOD5）、不同形态氮浓度进行测定,分析了紫根水葫芦圈养对星云湖水质的影响,结果表明：在紫根水葫芦生长发育期,星云湖中圈养的紫根水葫芦能够显著增加水体中的溶解氧含量,可以有效吸收星云湖湖水中的氨氮、总氮、总磷,降低了水体中BOD5和COD含量。总磷、总氮和氨氮三者之间显著正相关,总磷、氨氮、总氮以及BOD5都与水体的pH呈显著负相关,然而溶解氧与pH显著正相关,BOD5与水温、总磷、COD、氨氮和总氮显著正相关。科学的水葫芦圈养模式可以有效的降低富营养化水体中的营养物质,改善水质。     

Contribution of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) grown under different nutrient conditions to Fe-removal mechanisms in constructed wetlands

Severe contamination of water resources including groundwater with iron (Fe) due to various anthropogenic activities has been a major environmental problem in industrial areas of Sri Lanka. Hence, the use of the obnoxious weed, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in constructed wetlands (floating aquatic macrophyte-based plant treatment systems) to phytoremediate Fe-rich wastewaters seems to be an appealing option. Although several studies have documented that hyacinths are good metal-accumulating plants none of these studies have documented the ability of this plant grown under different nutrient conditions to remove heavy metals from wastewaters. This paper, therefore, reports the phytoremediation efficiencies of water hyacinth grown under different nutrient conditions for Fe-rich wastewaters in batch-type constructed wetlands. This study was conducted for 15 weeks after 1-week acclimatization by culturing young water hyacinth plants (average height of 20+/-2cm) in 590L capacity fiberglass tanks under different nutrient concentrations of 1-fold [28 and 7.7mg/L of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP), respectively], 2-fold, 1/2-fold, 1/4-fold and 1/8-fold with synthetic wastewaters containing 9.27Femg/L. Another set-up of hyacinths containing only Fe as a heavy metal but without any nutrients (i.e., 0-fold) was also studied. A mass balance was carried out to investigate the phytoremediation efficiencies and to determine the different mechanisms governing Fe removal from the wastewaters. Fe removal was largely due to phytoremediation mainly through the process of rhizofiltration and chemical precipitation of Fe2O3 and FeOH3 followed by flocculation and sedimentation. However, chemical precipitation was more significant especially during the first 3 weeks of the study. Plants grown in the 0-fold set-up showed the highest phytoremediation efficiency of 47% during optimum growth at the 6th week with a highest accumulation of 6707Femg/kg dry weight. Active effluxing of Fe back to the wastewater at intermittent periods and with time was a key mechanism of avoiding Fe phytotoxicity in water hyacinth cultured in all set-ups. Our study elucidated that water hyacinth grown under nutrient-poor conditions are ideal to remove Fe from wastewaters with a hydraulic retention time of approximately 6 weeks.     

凤眼莲对二价铁锰离子的吸附及机理研究

利用凤眼莲根、茎、叶粉末吸附水溶液中的Fe2+、Mn2+,并通过一系列的条件优化,确定了最佳的吸附条件.同时,采用等温吸附模型与动力学模型拟合研究了吸附特性.结果表明,凤眼莲根、茎、叶对Fe2+的吸附能力依次为根＞叶＞茎,对Mn2的吸附能力依次为茎＞叶＞根;在Fe2+、Mn2+起始浓度分别为45 mg·L-1和75 mg·L-1,pH分别为4.0和5.0,吸附剂添加量为0.4g,摇床转速为180 r·min-1,温度为50℃的条件下,根对Fe2+的最大吸附量为(21.73±0.38) mg·g-1,茎对Mn2+的最大吸附量为(15.55±0.58) mg·g-1,去除率分别达到96.58％和82.93％.Langmuir模型和准二级动力学模型能够较好地拟合Fe2+、Mn2+的吸附过程,吸附活化能与傅立叶红外光谱等表明该过程为物理化学吸附.与现有的Fe2+、Mn2+吸附生物质相比,凤眼莲粉末吸附水溶液中Fe2+、Mn2+的能力较突出,是一种极具潜力的吸附材料.     

滇池外海规模化控养水葫芦局部死亡原因分析

为了找出外海规模化控养水葫芦(E.crassipes)局部死亡的原因,于2013年8月对控养水域水葫芦空白对照区、健壮区、轻度枯死区以及重度枯死区的水质理化性质、蓝藻生物量及水生植物病理学等方面进行了比较研究。结果表明:轻度和重度枯死区蓝藻生物量高达(4.21±0.49)×109 cells/L和(757.00±19.00)×109 cells/L,均显著高于空白区和健壮区(0.14±0.09)×109 cells/L和(1.46±0.11)×109 cells/L(P0.05);NH+4-N浓度为11.44±0.02mg/L和369.87±15.37mg/L,均显著高于空白区和健壮区0.32±0.01mg/L和0.34±0.01mg/L(P0.05);轻度和重度枯死区溶氧仅1.40±0.13mg/L和0.30±0.04mg/L显著低于空白区和健壮区的7.70±0.83mg/L和6.80±0.97mg/L(P0.05);枯死区水体氧化还原电位(Eh)较低,重度死亡区水体Eh为-279.70±29.70mv显著低于其他3处水域。并且,通过对枯死水葫芦常规病理学检测,并未发现病变迹象。由此推断:水葫芦死亡原因可能主要由下风向种养区蓝藻过量堆积死亡,致使水质恶化,水体严重缺氧,进而引起水体NH+4-N浓度过高,最终导致水葫芦死亡。这为今后种养水葫芦进行水体生态修复理论研究与实践运用提供借鉴和参考,也为利用水葫芦作为蓝藻拦截带,在水葫芦影响下的湖泊营养物质迁移与氮、磷、碳循环动力学提出了新的研究内容。     

凤眼莲-固定化氮循环细菌联合作用对富营养化水体原位修复的研究

应用生态工程技术和原理,在夏季利用凤眼莲（Eichhornia crassipes Mart.）结合固定化氮循环菌对富营养化水体进行原位修复研究。试验结果表明,凤眼莲+固定化氮循环细菌联合作用和单独的凤眼莲处理对富营养化水体总氮和铵态氮去除之间存在显著的差异,凤眼莲+固定化氮循环细菌联合作用对富营养化水体中总氮和铵态氮的去除率分别达77.2%和49.2%;而凤眼莲处理则分别达73.7%和32.3%;但两者对富营养化水体中硝态氮的去除没有显著差异。接种固定化氮循环微生物有利于水体中Chla、COD_Mn的降低和水体透明度的提高,但两者没有明显的差异。当凤眼莲处理系统接种固定化氮循环细菌时,除了氨化细菌变化不明显外,亚硝化菌,硝化菌,反硝化菌群数量比单独凤眼莲处理系统增加1～1.5个数量级,且接种固定化氮循环细菌还有利于凤眼莲生物量及其体内氮积累量的增加。     

Bioconcentration and Phytotoxicity of Cd in Eichhornia crassipes

Plants of Eichhornia crassipes grown at various levels of cadmium ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg ml⁻¹ accumulated Cd in a concentration and duration dependent manner. At all levels, Cd accumulation by various plant tissues followed the order roots shoot leaves. Approximately 80% of total Cd was accumulated by plant at highest concentration (100 μg ml⁻¹) used in the experiment. Cadmium induced phytotoxicity appears at 25.0 μg ml⁻¹ resulting into reduced levels of chlorophyll, protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity of the plant. However, a slight induction of these physiological variables was obtained at lowest Cd (0.1 μg ml⁻¹) concentration. In contrast, carotenoid content increased at highest Cd concentration i.e., 100 μg ml⁻¹. Similar effects at low and high levels of Cd was obtained with respect to mitotic index and micronuclei in root meristem of the plant. It could be inferred that Cd toxicity in plant is differential depending upon the low and high concentration of Cd in the medium.     

A Study of Eichhornia crassipes Growing in the Overbank and Floodplain Soils of the River Yamuna in Delhi, India

River Yamuna, like most of the major rivers of India, has become increasingly polluted over the years from both point and non-point sources, particularly in the urban sectors such as Delhi. Field studies, conducted in January, 1994 have investigated the impact of wastewater discharges from four major drains (Najafgarh, Power House, Barapula, Kalkaji) on the overbanks, floodplains and Eichhornia in River Yamuna in Delhi, with particular reference to elemental contamination. It is concluded that except for Cd and Co, overall mean soil concentrations along the full stretch of the river in Delhi are within the world background levels of uncontaminated soils. However, the wastewater discharges from the drains, with the exception of Barapula drain, generally increase the elemental concentrations of overbank soils downstream of the discharges. Eichhornia plants growing along the banks receiving wastewaters from the Najafgarh and Barapula drains are unhealthy and reduced in population which can be attributed to a combination of alkaline pH of the growth medium, metal toxicity and high BOD at the site receiving effluents from the Najafgarh drain, and alkaline pH, metal toxicity and the turbid conditions of water with fly ash particle deposition on the plant surfaces at the site receiving effluents from the Barapula drain. Generally, considering the entire stretch of the river in Delhi, the roots of these plants growing on the overbank soils are found to be accumulators of all elements except Co, Al and Fe, with Co uptake being minimal. There are marked differences in elemental uptake of the water hyacinths growing on the overbanks and floodplains of the river.     

人工浮岛在丁香湖水质改善中的应用

针对丁香湖水体恶化产生蓝藻的问题,在湖中设置人工浮岛对水质进行改善,浮岛植物以凤眼莲为主,辅以美人蕉等搭配.人工浮岛运行后,对水体中TN、TP指标净化效果良好,TN的去除率为48.1%～52.1%,TP的去除率为55.0%～64.4%,而且具有一定的景观效果.     

Mapping Invasive Aquatic Vegetation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta using Hyperspectral Imagery

The ecological and economic impacts associated with invasive species are of critical concern to land managers. The ability to map the extent and severity of invasions would be a valuable contribution to management decisions relating to control and monitoring efforts. We investigated the use of hyperspectral imagery for mapping invasive aquatic plant species in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta in the Central Valley of California, at two spatial scales. Sixty-four flightlines of HyMap hyperspectral imagery were acquired over the study region covering an area of 2,139 km² and field work was conducted to acquire GPS locations of target invasive species. We used spectral mixture analysis to classify two target invasive species; Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa), a submerged invasive, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a floating emergent invasive. At the relatively fine spatial scale for five sites within the Delta (average size 51 ha) average classification accuracies were 93% for Brazilian waterweed and 73% for water hyacinth. However, at the coarser, Delta-wide scale (177,000 ha) these accuracy results were 29% for Brazilian waterweed and 65% for water hyacinth. The difference in accuracy is likely accounted for by the broad range in water turbidity and tide heights encountered across the Delta. These findings illustrate that hyperspectral imagery is a promising tool for discriminating target invasive species within the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta waterways although more work is needed to develop classification tools that function under changing environmental conditions.