An analytical solution for two-dimensional contaminant transport during groundwater extraction

We obtain an analytical solution for two-dimensional steady-state transport of conservative contaminant between injecting and pumping wells. Flow and transport are considered in the vertical cross-section. The Dupuit approximation and conformal mapping onto the complex potential domain are employed to determine the velocity and concentration distributions, respectively. We use this solution to derive a priori conditions under which widely used 1-D analytical solutions with constant velocity and dispersion coefficients provide accurate approximations. These conditions are formulated in terms of aquifer parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity and dispersivities, and remediation strategy, e.g., well spacing and pumping regimes.     

南京市某城镇污水处理厂运行问题分析及对策

随着大量污水处理厂的建成投运,中国污水处理事业的重心必然会从以建设为主转向建设与运行并重,运行管理将发挥越来越重要的作用。文中以南京市某城镇污水处理厂为例,分析该污水处理厂运行过程COD、NH^3-N排放超标问题,并提出对策(健全配套污水收集管网,提升工艺参数DO、NO^3-、NO^2-的控制水平,规范运行台账管理等),以期为其他城镇污水处理厂的运行管理提供参考。     

An individual-based stochastic hazard model of eastern king prawn (Melicertus plebejus) migration with spatially and temporally varying fishing effort

This paper describes an individual-based stochastic model of eastern king prawn migration along the eastern Australian coast. Migration is treated as one-dimensional diffusion with drift. Capture of a prawn is seen as a failure event driven by movement through a spatially and temporally variable fishing mortality hazard. This hazard is combined with a uniform natural mortality hazard. We use a Monte Carlo method to estimate parameters by comparing expected numbers of tag-returns predicted from the model with previously published tag-release data. As the previous study used a discrete compartmental model, with compartments corresponding to zones of constant fishing effort, we used the same zones and fishing effort in our comparison. The marginal distribution of yield in each zone per single recruit is determined, providing more information compared with the deterministic approach to yield-per-recruit. Using our model we also derive the constant fishing mortality rate equivalent to a spatially variable fishing mortality rate in its impact on the proportion of prawns surviving the migration to reach spawning grounds. Determination of this proportion could contribute significantly to a sustainability assessment of the fishery. It is demonstrated using the AIC that better fits to the data of the previous study and greater parsimony are obtained using our model than were found in the deterministic compartmental analysis of that study. This improvement results from the ability of our model to account separately for average speed of movement and average dispersal rate, whereas in the previous deterministic compartmental model, movement is governed by just one parameter. Our individual-based model includes a parameter that explicitly accounts for dispersal of prawns in migration, so it can distinguish between speed effects and dispersal effects in the data. It also models both types of mortality as processes distinct from those of movement. This enables it to better separate movement and mortality effects compared to the compartmental approach, in which movement and mortality are treated as similar departure processes from a compartment. This separation reduces confounding of movement and mortality effects when parameters are estimated.     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

ABS湿热海洋大气环境室内外老化行为及相关性研究

目的 研究丙烯腈(Acrylonitrile)、丁二烯(Butadiene)、苯乙烯(Styrene)3种单体的三元共聚物(Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene,ABS)在湿热海洋大气环境室内外的老化行为及其相关性。方法 开展湿热海洋大气暴露(室外)试验及多因子循环加速老化(室内)试验,通过观测外观形貌、力学、化学结构等性能变化,定性探究ABS室内外老化规律。通过灰色关联度与主成分分析,定量探索ABS室内外老化行为的相关性。结果 ABS黄色指数等与表面性能相关的指标在户外暴露6个月及室内加速老化300 h左右就基本达到饱和值50和45,而与整体性能相关的拉伸强度在老化过程中先下降、后上升,断裂伸长率、冲击强度、缺口冲击强度等指标在户外暴露2个月或室内老化200 h快速下降近60%后,再缓慢降低。分子链中丁二烯单体的双键或苯环侧链中的季碳受到环境中光、氧、水等的作用,分解生成酮与羟基。通过主成分分析,将ABS多种性能指标组合成综合老化指标,客观定量评价ABS室内外老化灰色关联度高达0.93。结论ABS老化是分子链断链及交联的动态竞争过程,湿热海洋大气环境室内外老化行为的相关性较高。     

应用地理信息系统进行垃圾填埋场选址的初步研究

在ArcGIS 8.3软件空间分析模块(spatial analysis)支持下,以江苏省长江以南市辖区为研究对象,进行了空间叠加和空间复合查询分析,以确定垃圾填埋场候选区域分布,并同已有的垃圾填埋场监测点进行比较,结果表明,利用地理信息系统技术进行垃圾填埋场辅助分析是可行的.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls in two mollusc species from the coast of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)

Levels of PCBs were determined in two marine organisms, limpets (Patella ullisiponensis aspera) and winkles (Ossilinus atratus), sampled in three stations in the south east coast of Tenerife during 1993. Winkles and limpets exhibited different PCB patterns. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to study the patterns and the relationships among PCBs.     

重载列车运输安全问题分析

重载运输自问世以来,因其具有显著的经济效益而在世界许多国家得到重视并迅速发展,重载运输已被国际公认为铁路货运发展的方向。伴随着列车牵引重量的不断增加,列车开行方式也随之变化,由最初的5 0 0 0吨级提高到1万吨、2万吨级列车。由于列车编组增加,轴重和牵引重量提高,重载列车运输安全问题也逐渐突显出来,车辆断钩、制动失灵、线路桥梁轨道结构破坏失效等问题不断发生,成为制约重载列车运输发展的关键。笔者认为,解决重载运输中存在的安全问题,要重点做到以下几点:解决多台联挂机车同步制动操纵问题,避免发生断钩和列车放;加强轨道结构养护维修,提高轨道框架强度和刚度;加强安全检测监控体系建设,保证列车运行的安全性和可靠性     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure to electronics recycling workers--a follow up study

Workers at an electronics recycling plant have previously been shown to have elevated serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) compared to referents without occupational PBDE exposure. Subsequent structural changes and industrial hygiene measures at the plant were applied to improve the work environment. The present study aims to assess the impact of these work environment changes on the occupational exposure to PBDEs.

Blood were drawn from the workers and analyzed at two different laboratories, and serum concentrations of several PBDE congeners were determined by GC/MS or GC/HRMS. Cross-sectional studies were performed prior to (in 1997; N = 19) and after (in 2000; N = 27) workplace improvements. Longitudinal studies were performed on twelve of the workers that were sampled at both occasions.

Even though the amount of processed goods had doubled in 2000 as compared to 1997, there was a significant decrease in the serum levels of BDE-183 and BDE-209. For BDE-209 the levels observed in year 2000 were even lower than in referents with no occupational exposure. In contrast to the decrease of higher brominated diphenyl ethers, the concentrations of BDE-47 did not significantly change. For BDE-153, the cross-sectional study indicated no change, whereas the longitudinal follow up indicated a significant increase.

This study shows that the industrial hygiene improvements clearly reduced the occupational exposure to BDE-183 and BDE-209 at the plant. Still, the levels of hexa- to nonaBDEs but not BDE-209 were elevated, compared to referents with no occupational exposure.     

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency: A Case Study of Chengyang District

Abstract

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term “eco-efficiency” in business, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers. Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency, an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study. The indicator system comprises 22 indicators, which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development, resources consumption, environmental pressure. As a promising statistical technique, principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao's Chengyang District. The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003. Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends. The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979, which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources. The environmental pressure index in- creased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997, due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years. Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production, so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability. The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.