原位生成Ni颗粒增韧纳米ZrB2基陶瓷的制备方法与微观结构研究

目的提高Zr B2基防热陶瓷材料的韧性,以满足其高抗热冲击性能的需求。方法采用沉淀-共沉积法在纳米Zr B2粉体中原位生成Ni颗粒作为增韧相,经放电等离子烧结后获得分布均匀的Ni-Zr B2纳米复合材料,通过三点弯曲实验、断裂韧性实验以及硬度测试,分别评价不同Ni含量对Ni-Zr B2纳米复合材料力学性能的影响,并通过SEM,XRD对材料微观组织进行分析。结果 Ni颗粒的引入,可有效提高Zr B2的相对密度,增加韧性,同时强度和硬度有所提高。通过不同Ni含量的对比发现,Zr B2-15%Ni力学性能最优,断裂韧性达到7.8±0.3 MPa·m1/2,相对于原始Zr B2材料提升1倍。从微观组织的电子扫描照片也可以看出,Ni颗粒在Zr B2表面均匀分布,断口表现为穿晶断裂和延晶断裂的复合断裂模式,不同于原始Zr B2材料的穿晶断裂。这也是断裂韧性显著提升的主要原因。结论原位生成Ni颗粒的引入,可有效提高Zr B2材料相对密度、强度、硬度以及断裂韧性。对比不同Ni含量的力学性能,Zr B2-15%Ni组分的力学性能最优,这一方法可有效提高Zr B2材料的断裂韧性,进一步满足其高抗热冲击性能的需求。     

Multiple impact pathways of the 2015–2016 El Niño in coastal Kenya

The 2015–2016 El Niño had large impacts globally. The effects were not as great as anticipated in Kenya, however, leading some commentators to call it a ‘non-event’. Our study uses a novel combination of participatory Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis tools, and new and existing social and biophysical data, to analyse vulnerability to, and the multidimensional impacts of, the 2015–2016 El Niño episode in southern coastal Kenya. Using a social-ecological systems lens and a unique dataset, our study reveals impacts overlooked by conventional analysis. We show how El Niño stressors interact with and amplify existing vulnerabilities to differentially impact local ecosystems and people. The policy significance of this finding is that the development of specific national capacities to deal with El Niño events is insufficient; it will be necessary to also address local vulnerabilities to everyday and recurrent stressors and shocks to build resilience to the effects of El Niño and other extremes in climate and weather.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01321-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Evaluation of the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation on air quality in southern China from long-term historical observations

•Strong ENSO influence on AOD is found in southern China region. •Low AOD occurs in El Niño but high AOD occurs in La Niña events in southern China. •Angstrom exponent anomalies reveals the circulation pattern during each ENSO phase. •ENSO exerts large influence (70.5%) on annual variations of AOD during 2002–2020. •Change of anthropogenic emissions is the dominant driver for AOD trend (2002–2020). Previous studies demonstrated that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) could modulate regional climate thus influencing air quality in the low-middle latitude regions like southern China. However, such influence has not been well evaluated at a long-term historical scale. To filling the gap, this study investigated two-decade (2002 to 2020) aerosol concentration and particle size in southern China during the whole dynamic development of ENSO phases. Results suggest strong positive correlations between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and ENSO phases, as low AOD occurred during El Niño while high AOD occurred during La Niña event. Such correlations are mainly attributed to the variation of atmospheric circulation and precipitation during corresponding ENSO phase. Analysis of the angstrom exponent (AE) anomalies further confirmed the circulation pattern, as negative AE anomalies is pronounced in El Niño indicating the enhanced transport of sea salt aerosols from the South China Sea, while the La Niña event exhibits positive AE anomalies which can be attributed to the enhanced import of northern fine anthropogenic aerosols. This study further quantified the AOD variation attributed to changes in ENSO phases and anthropogenic emissions. Results suggest that the long-term AOD variation from 2002 to 2020 in southern China is mostly driven (by 64.2%) by the change of anthropogenic emissions from 2002 to 2020. However, the ENSO presents dominant influence (70.5%) on year-to-year variations of AOD during 2002–2020, implying the importance of ENSO on varying aerosol concentration in a short-term period.     

金华旱涝趋势统计分析

根据对旱涝自身变化及其与太阳黑子活动，厄尔尼诺事件关系的分析，，得出了金华旱涝趋势的几点认识：（1）在未来的十几年之内，金华站将从涝年占优势的阶段转入旱年占优势的阶段；（2）在太阳黑子活动22年的磁周期转变年前后，金华站3年平均年降水量明显偏多；（3）在春季型厄尔尼诺事件的当年和夏季型厄尔尼诺事件的次年，金华站年降水量偏多；（4）厄尔尼诺事件的结束时间若超过5月1日，那么次年金华站年降水量偏多；（5）厄尔尼诺事件的强度越大，对金华站年降水量的影响也越大；（6）在太阳黑子活动22年磁周期转变年前后的厄尔尼诺事件的次年，金华站年降水量明显偏多。这些认识对长期及超长期的旱涝趋势预测具有重要的现实意义。     

Influence of 1, 10-phenanthroline on adsorption behaviour of Ni （Ⅱ） onto montmorilionite

利用镍离子能与邻菲罗啉反应生成螯合物的性质,研究了加与未加邻菲罗啉条件下,蒙脱石对金属镍离子的吸附行为,考察了镍离子浓度、吸附时间、温度和溶液pH值等因素对吸附性能的影响．结果表明：加入邻菲罗啉后,蒙脱石对镍的螫合离子的吸附量明显增大;吸附平衡时间约为120min;蒙脱石对[Ni（phen）a]^2＋的吸附性基本不受pH值的影响．动力学研究表明该吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,吸附量随温度升高而增大．二级动力学参数证明加入邻菲罗啉可显著提高蒙脱石对Ni^2＋的吸附性．蒙脱石对简单Ni^2＋的吸附符合Langmuir的单层吸附等温式;而蒙脱石对镍的螯合离子的吸附则符合Freundlich等温式．蒙脱石对Ni^2＋和[Ni（phen）a]^＋2的吸附均为自发、吸热和更无序的;XRD及FTIR研究表明,蒙脱石对[Ni（phen）a]^2＋的吸附以层问的物理吸附为主．     

臭氧预破络-重金属捕集耦合体系高效去除废水中络合态镍的机理研究

电镀废水处理厂化学镀镍废水经常规物化处理后,仍存在低浓度、高稳态的重金属污染物,导致后续出现难处理、难生化、难达标排放的普遍技术问题.本文提出一种新型高效的臭氧预氧化破络-重金属捕集螯合深度处理技术体系,即臭氧-重金属捕集剂(O_3-SN-9)耦合体系.通过单因素静态实验,重点考察了臭氧(O_3)氧化初始pH值、氧化时间、臭氧载气流量、重金属捕集剂(SN-9)投加量等对出水总镍(Ni)去除率的影响,并探讨了臭氧氧化破络络合态Ni的途径及SN-9捕集重金属Ni的机理.结果表明,在化学镀镍废水初始总Ni浓度为2.76 mg·L~(-1),臭氧预氧化初始pH值范围为7.0～11.0,反应时间为40 min,载气流量为3 L·min~(-1),SN-9投加量为40 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,处理后出水总Ni浓度稳定低于0.1 mg·L~(-1),可达到《电镀水污染物排放标准》(DB44/1597—2015)水污染物特别排放限值中总Ni的排放限值要求.液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)、叔丁醇(Tert-Butyl Alcohol,TBA)捕获羟基自由基(·OH)实验和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明,在臭氧预氧化破络与螯合捕集Ni前后协同耦合的高效体系中,前端臭氧氧化以间接氧化为主,直接氧化为辅;氧化进程可控制为部分氧化破络,将高稳态镍络合物氧化成易失稳的小分子Ni络合物及部分离子态Ni;后续SN-9高效螯合捕集Ni的主要官能团为巯基官能团(—SH),可从低分子易失稳的Ni络合物上竞争夺取Ni离子,或直接与游离态Ni(II)反应,形成稳定的四边形配位螯合沉淀物,从而达到去除Ni的目的.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Rapid Assessment of Soil Erosion in the Rio Lempa Basin, Central America, Using the Universal Soil Loss Equation and Geographic Information Systems

Soil erosion is a severe problem for many developing regions that lack adequate infrastructure to combat the problem. The authors established a first-order method for prioritizing areas to be examined and remediated using preexisting data and expert knowledge where data are lacking. The Universal Soil Loss Equation was applied to the Rio Lempa Basin in Central America using geographic information systems and remote sensing technologies, and the estimated erosion rates were compared with sediment delivery ratios. Spatial analysis indicates that agriculture on very steep slopes contributes only a small fraction to the total estimated soil erosion, whereas agriculture on gentle and moderately steep slopes contributes a large fraction of the erosion. Although much of the basin is in El Salvador, the greatest estimated amount of erosion is from Honduras. Data quality and availability were impaired by a lack of coordination among agencies and across countries. Several avenues for improving the authors’ methods are described.     

1997/1998厄尔尼诺与江苏气象灾害及对农业影响的分析

１９９７／１９９８厄尔尼诺事件在１９９７～１９９８年冬春给江苏省带来严重气象灾害， 导致三麦、油菜减产近３成。夏季长江出现仅次于１９５４年的全流域性特大洪涝， 形势十分严峻。本文以大量翔实的数据与灾情资料， 分析了厄尔尼诺与江苏气象灾害的密切关系， 提请人们关注厄尔尼诺， 预防气象灾害。     

Emergency and institutional crisis in Peru during El Nino 1982-1983

From December 1982 through July 1983, Peru was plagued by disastrous consequences of El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. While the northern part of the country was devastated by torrential rains and floods, central Andean Peru endured landslides and flash floods, the southern Altiplano suffered a severe drought. Hazard preparedness was nonexistent, and official disaster relief uncoordinated and slow in coming. Administrative inefficiency magnified the stress upon the populations under disaster conditions. Provisions of disaster training from specialized international organizations is recommended as a preventive measure and as a policy to improve catastrophe-coping abilities in developing nations.