低温燃烧合成纳米Ni掺杂TiO2光催化剂的表征及活性研究

采用低温燃烧合成法制备了Ni掺杂TiO₂光催化剂,通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、激光散射、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)等方法对催化剂的光吸收特性、晶相组成、粒度分布、升温过程中化学变化等进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化活性.结果表明,相对P25而言,Ni掺杂TiO₂的光吸收带边红移,当Ni/Ti原子比为0.4时,催化剂的带隙宽度为2.3eV,对应的吸收带边为564nm;催化剂晶型以锐钛矿TiO₂为主,随Ni掺杂量增大,NiTiO₃比例升高;催化剂粒径主要分布在50～150nm之间,占总量的96.9%;升温过程中催化剂在445.2℃发生晶型转化,出现锐钛矿和NiTiO₃晶体.催化剂显示出较高的催化活性,在可见光作用150min后最高可使93.9%的亚甲基蓝分解,活性高于P25.     

两种类型的厄尔尼诺事件对大气环流及黑龙江省低温洪涝灾害的影响

厄尔尼诺事件按发生时间可分为：春季型和秋季型,按发生源地又可分为东部型和西部型。它们都有在春季阿留申低槽发展向西摆动,到夏季控制我国东北地区的特征。这种形势下,对黑龙江省灾害天气的影响主要看副高的变化。春季型副高弱,北界偏南脊点偏东则有低温发生;副高强,北界偏北脊点西伸则有高温洪涝灾害。秋季型由于乌拉尔低槽和阿留申低槽于夏季在东北汇合加强,易造成低温多雨。东部型的天气过程与秋季型基本相似,也易发生低温。西部型天气过程与其它型差异较大,在夏季东亚区维持一脊一槽型,如副高强脊点偏西有洪涝;如副高北界偏南则低温多雨,副高偏北则高温洪涝。由此,利用厄尔尼诺的类型及大气环流变化就可提前预报低温洪涝灾害。     

西北太平洋大气海洋对东北亚冷夏形成的影响

通过对东北亚夏季气温场与全球海温场的SVD分析,得出东北亚冷夏的产生与西北太平洋海温场有着密切的联系,普查120a来东北亚冷夏年西北太平洋海温距平状况,发现该区域93%为负距平.对1881-1999年西北太平洋海温指数NWP及Nino3.4序列与东北亚夏季气温序列的相关分析得出,西北太平洋海温与东北亚冷夏的关系较El Nino与之的关系要直接得多.从西北太平洋影响东北亚夏季气温的机理来看,西北太平洋海洋与大气环流共同对东北亚夏季气温产生着影响,当夏季西北太平洋吸收的短波辐射较少,海温距平为负,向大气释放的潜热通量较少,而500hPa位势高度场偏低时,东北亚发生冷夏的可能性较大.     

纳米Ni/Fe用于去除染料生产废水二级生物处理出水中AOX和色度的研究

用纳米Ni/Fe材料深度处理染料生产废水的生物处理出水,考察了不同Ni负载量(质量分数0~5%)、废水初始p H值(4.1~10.0)、Ni/Fe投加量(1~5 g·L-1)、反应时间(0.5~96 h)下对可吸附性有机卤代物(absorbable organic halogens,AOX)的去除率和脱色率.结果表明,AOX和色度去除率随Ni负载量的增加先升高后减少,随废水初始p H值的降低和Ni/Fe投加量的增加而持续提高.最优化条件为Ni负载量1%、废水初始p H 4.1和Ni/Fe投加量3 g·L-1,该条件下AOX和色度的24 h去除率分别为29.2%和79.6%,96 h去除率分别为50.6%和80.7%.GC-MS分析表明经材料处理后废水中氯代苯胺类、对硝基苯胺、4-甲氧基-2-硝基苯胺及卤代烷烃等有毒有害物质得到高效去除.     

镍/铁和铜/铁双金属降解四氯乙烯的研究

选用镍 /铁和铜 /铁双金属对四氯乙烯 (PCE)进行脱氯试验 .结果表明 ,双金属系统对四氯乙烯有明显的脱氯作用 ,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程 ,双金属在降解PCE的过程中 ,无三氯乙烯 (TCE)、二氯乙烯 (DCE)和氯乙烯 (VC)等中间产物形成 ,与零价铁系统相比 ,双金属系统对PCE的降解速率有明显提高 ,尤其是Ni/Fe双金属 ,反应速率常数kSA从 0 1 2 89ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 提高到 0 3697ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 ,Cu/Fe双金属的反应速率常数kSA为 0 2 2 79ml·m- 2 ·h- 1 .无论是哪种反应介质 ,在制备过程中干燥与否对脱氯速率都有很大的影响     

发酵罐不锈钢换热盘管泄漏失效分析

通过失效现场情况了解、宏观检查、材质分析、金相检验、电镜观察、能谱分析及冲击断面分析等研究06Cr19Ni10发酵罐盘管失效原因.结果显示由于发酵罐盘管材质熔炼工艺不恰当,固溶处理不当,冷却循环水中Cl-含量超标,焊缝热影响区、管材母材区大面积发生不同程度晶间腐蚀,局部点蚀穿孔.建议对用于设备重要部位或对生产工艺有重大...     

Ni掺杂Sb-SnO2瓷环粒子电极电催化氧化磺胺嘧啶

为发展废水中抗生素的处理技术、保护水环境安全,采用浸渍法制备Ni掺杂Sb-SnO₂微孔陶瓷环粒子电极,研究了电极对磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)的电催化氧化能力和动力学特征,初步分析了SDZ的降解途径.结果表明,粒子电极表面负载Ni和Sb-SnO₂晶体,有利于电子传递和吸附SDZ,提高了电催化氧化效率;在NaCl浓度为0.02 mol·L^-1、初始pH为8、电流密度为15 mA·cm^-2、粒子电极投加量为15 g时处理15 min, 50 mg·L^-1的SDZ能够被完全去除;处理3 h时,反应液TOC去除率达到80.8%,比二维电极高17.6%;电催化氧化SDZ的动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型,去除速率常数为0.329 min^-1.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法(LC-MS/MS)鉴定SDZ的降解产物,电催化降解SDZ可能包括磺酰胺基S—N键和嘧啶环上C—N键断裂、脱磺酸基、脱氨基和·OH氧化等途径.     

Natural radionuclides distribution and environmental impacts of ferruginous sand-siltstone (raw material) and their manufactured Ahmer oxide used as wall paints

Commercially known Ahmer oxide paints are prepared from raw material mainly composed of red iron oxides (hematite) and iron oxyhydroxides. The raw material used in manufacturing of Ahmer oxide comes from some localities in southwest Sinai such as Abu Thor, Allouga, and El lehian. The adsorption of uranium and other radioelements on iron oxides could make the raw material (red iron oxides) and their products environmentally hazardous. The studied samples were subjected to radiometric analysis using NaI (Tl) gamma-ray spectrometer. The average activity concentration of U, Th, Ra, and K are 108.7, 458.8, 88.8, and 627.5?Bq?kg^?1, respectively in raw material and 136.4, 14.6, 58.3, and 95.9?Bq?kg^?1 in Ahmer oxide. High values of activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, and ⁴⁰K were recorded in Allouga and El lehian raw material. High radioactivities of Allouga and El lehian raw material are mainly attributed to the presence of torbernite, zircon, and monazite, in addition to adsorbed elemental uranium in Ahmer oxide. absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent, radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq), external hazard index (H_ex), and internal hazard index (H_in), as well as representative gamma index (Iγ) were determined from the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K. Some of the studied samples do not satisfy the universal standards.     

Shared ways of thinking in Brazil about the science–practice interface in ecology and conservation

The debate in the literature on the science–practice interface suggests a diversity of opinions on how to link science and practice to improve conservation. Understanding this diversity is key to addressing unequal power relations, avoiding the consideration of only dominant views, and identifying strategies to link science and practice. In turn, linking science and practice should promote conservation decisions that are socially robust and scientifically informed. To identify and describe the viewpoints of scientists and decision makers on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions, we interviewed Brazilian scientists (ecologists and conservation scientists, n = 11) and decision makers (n = 11). We used Q methodology and asked participants to rank their agreement with 48 statements on how the science–practice interface should work in order to improve conservation decisions. We used principal component analysis to identify shared viewpoints. The predominant viewpoint, shared by scientists and decision makers, was characterized by valuing the integration of scientific and strategic knowledge to address environmental problems. The second viewpoint, held mostly by decision makers, was distinguished by assigning great importance to science in the decision-making process and calling for problem-relevant research. The third viewpoint, shared only by scientists, was characterized by an unwillingness to collaborate and a perception of scientists as producers of knowledge that may help decision makers. Most participants agreed organizations should promote collaboration and that actors and knowledge from both science and practice are relevant. Disagreements concerned specific roles assigned to actors, willingness to collaborate, and organizational and institutional arrangements considered effective to link science and practice. Our results suggest there is ample room for collaborations and that impediments lie mainly in existing organizations and formal institutional arrangements rather than in negative attitudes between scientists and decision makers.     

Using individual-based movement information to identify spatial conservation priorities for mobile species

The optimal design of reserve networks and fisheries closures depends on species occurrence information and knowledge of how anthropogenic impacts interact with the species concerned. However, challenges in surveying mobile and cryptic species over adequate spatial and temporal scales can mask the importance of particular habitats, leading to uncertainty about which areas to protect to optimize conservation efforts. We investigated how telemetry-derived locations can help guide the scale and timing of fisheries closures with the aim of reducing threatened species bycatch. Forty juvenile speartooth sharks (Glyphis glyphis) were monitored over 22 months with implanted acoustic transmitters and an array of hydrophone receivers. Using the decision-support tool Marxan, we formulated a permanent fisheries closure that prioritized areas used more frequently by tagged sharks and considered areas perceived as having high value to fisheries. To explore how the size of the permanent closure compared with an alternative set of time-area closures (i.e., where different areas were closed to fishing at different times of year), we used a cluster analysis to group months that had similar arrangements of selected planning units (informed by shark movements during that month) into 2 time-area closures. Sharks were consistent in their timing and direction of migratory movements, but the number of tagged sharks made a big difference in the placement of the permanent closure; 30 individuals were needed to capture behavioral heterogeneity. The dry-season (May–January) and wet-season (February–April) time-area closures opened 20% and 25% more planning units to fishing, respectively, compared with the permanent closure with boundaries fixed in space and time. Our results show that telemetry has the potential to inform and improve spatial management of mobile species and that the temporal component of tracking data can be incorporated into prioritizations to reduce possible impacts of spatial closures on established fisheries.