El Niño影响下春季南海北部表层水体CO2分压变化

采用走航连续观测系统分别在2011年5月和2015年5月对南海北部表层水体温度、盐度、溶解氧、叶绿素a和pCO_2进行了现场观测.在El Nio影响下,2015年5月华南地区及广东省降雨量偏多,大量冲淡水入海,南海北部冲淡水区域海表盐度显著降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域海表盐度平均值为(28.05±6.18),低于2011年5月的海表盐度平均值(29.65±2.58),同时实测冲淡水区域海表温度平均升高约2.10℃.冲淡水携带的营养物质和适度升高的海表温度共同促进了冲淡水区域浮游植物的繁殖.浮游植物光合作用不断地将海水中的游离CO2转化为有机碳,同时释放出氧气,使得水体pCO_2降低,2015年5月冲淡水区域pCO_2平均值为(286±95)μatm,低于2011年5月的pCO_2平均值(300±42)μatm.2015年5月实测获得离岸海域pCO_2平均值为(421±9)μatm,高于2011年5月pCO_2平均值(386±13)μatm,二者差值为35μatm,海表温度是离岸海域pCO_2的主要影响因子,2015年5月El Nio期间离岸海域SST升高1.96℃.El Nio影响下冲淡水区域的碳汇作用增加,离岸海域的碳源作用增强,冲淡水区域碳汇增加与离岸海域碳源增强基本抵消,2015年5月南海北部整体仍是CO_2弱汇区,约为-0.40 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1),与2011年5月通量值-0.58 mmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)差别不明显.     

Na_2S-DDTC深度处理络合Ni高浓度电镀废水

对比选用有机巯基类高分子螯合剂(DDTC)、无机硫(Na_2S)和氢氧化钠(Na OH)作为电镀Ni的捕集剂,对模拟电镀废水中的络合Ni进行深度处理,重点考察了反应p H值、药剂投加量、反应时间以及絮凝剂种类等因素对Ni的去除效果的影响,并对去除机理进行了探究.结果表明:对于高浓度络合Ni模拟废水ρ(Ni)=300mg/L,在p H9.0,Na_2S与DDTC投加比为ρ(Na_2S)/ρ(DDTC)=10,其中ρ(Na_2S)=600mg/L,ρ(DDTC)=60mg/L,反应时间t=6.0min,PAM投加量1.0mg/L时,Ni_2+的残余浓度为0.064mg/L,低于0.1mg/L达到废水排放标准;此外对Na_2S-DDTC与Ni反应生成的沉淀的溶出试验表明,在自然状态下该沉渣具有较高的稳定性,不会形成二次污染;通过粒径分布统计分析以及SEM表面形态观察分析可知Na_2S-DDTC复配药剂对Ni的捕集作用主要为有絮凝-共沉淀的协同作用.通过本研究,可以为Na_2S-DDTC处理高浓度含络合Ni电镀废水工艺设计提供理论支持.     

Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 resin: Applications for the separation and preconcentration of trace metal ions prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A simple, sensitive column solid-phase extraction procedure for separation and preconcentration of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) in spiked and natural water samples using 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene-functionalized Amberlite XAD-4 (XAD-4-DHN) chelating resin prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was discussed. The optimum experimental parameters such as pH, volume of sample and eluent, flow-rates of uptake and stripping, and sorption capacity of the chelating resin, were evaluated. The effect of the electrolytes and the cations on the preconcentration of metal ions was also investigated. The chelating resin could be reused for more than 20 cycles of sorption–desorption without any significant change (<1.0%). Recoveries obtained from this method range from 96 to 102% with R.S.D of 2.50 (n = 4). The detection limits for Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) were found to be 1.9, 0.9, 1.2 µg, and 1.4 µg L^?1, respectively. The proposed method was applied for the determination of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Cd(II) in spiked, tap water, and river water samples.     

Effects of Drainage‐Basin Geomorphology on Insectivorous Bird Abundance in Temperate Forests

Abstract: Interfaces between terrestrial and stream ecosystems often enhance species diversity and population abundance of ecological communities beyond levels that would be expected separately from both the ecosystems. Nevertheless, no study has examined how stream configuration within a watershed influences the population of terrestrial predators at the drainage‐basin scale. We examined the habitat and abundance relationships of forest insectivorous birds in eight drainage basins in a cool temperate forest of Japan during spring and summer. Each basin has different drainage‐basin geomorphology, such as the density and frequency of stream channels. In spring, when terrestrial arthropod prey biomass is limited, insectivorous birds aggregated in habitats closer to streams, where emerging aquatic prey was abundant. Nevertheless, birds ceased to aggregate around streams in summer because terrestrial prey became plentiful. Watershed‐scale analyses showed that drainage basins with longer stream channels per unit area sustained higher densities of insectivorous birds. Moreover, such effects of streams on birds continued from spring through summer, even though birds dispersed out of riparian areas in the summer. Although our data are from only a single year, our findings imply that physical modifications of stream channels may reduce populations of forest birds; thus, they emphasize the importance of landscape‐based management approaches that consider both stream and forest ecosystems for watershed biodiversity conservation.     

Male Mutation Bias and Possible Long‐Term Effects of Human Activities

Abstract: The ability of a population to adapt to changing environments depends critically on the amount and kind of genetic variability it possesses. Mutations are an important source of new genetic variability and may lead to new adaptations, especially if the population size is large. Mutation rates are extremely variable between and within species, and males usually have higher mutation rates as a result of elevated rates of male germ cell division. This male bias affects the overall mutation rate. We examined the factors that influence male mutation bias, and focused on the effects of classical life‐history parameters, such as the average age at reproduction and elevated rates of sperm production in response to sexual selection and sperm competition. We argue that human‐induced changes in age at reproduction or in sexual selection will affect male mutation biases and hence overall mutation rates. Depending on the effective population size, these changes are likely to influence the long‐term persistence of a population.     

Study of Ni adsorption on NKF-6 zeolite

The adsorption of ⁶³Ni from aqueous solutions using NKF-6 zeolite was investigated by a batch technique under ambient conditions. The adsorption was investigated as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, foreign ions, humic substances (FA/HA) and temperature. The kinetic adsorption was well described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The adsorption of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength, and the adsorption of ⁶³Ni increased with increasing NKF-6 zeolite content. At low pH values, the presence of FA enhanced the adsorption of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite, but the presence of HA had no drastic effect. At high pH values, the presence of FA or HA decreased the adsorption of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite. The adsorption isotherms were well represented by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters (i.e., ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰and ΔG⁰) for the adsorption of ⁶³Ni were determined from the temperature dependent isotherms at 293.15, 313.15 and 333.15 °K, respectively, and the results indicate that the adsorption reaction was favored at high temperature. The results suggest that the adsorption process of ⁶³Ni on NKF-6 zeolite is spontaneous and endothermic.     

Accuracy of Short‐Term Demographic Data in Projecting Long‐Term Fate of Populations

Short‐term surveys are useful in conservation of species if they can be used to reliably predict the long‐term fate of populations. However, statistical evaluations of reliability are rare. We studied how well short‐term demographic data (1999–2002) of tartar catchfly (Silene tatarica), a perennial riparian plant, projected the fate and growth of 23 populations of this species up to the year 2010. Surveyed populations occurred along a river with natural flood dynamics and along a regulated river. Riparian plant populations are affected by flooding, which maintains unvegetated shores, while forest succession proceeds in areas with little flooding. Flooding is less severe along the regulated river, and vegetation overgrowth reduces abundance of tartar catchfly on unvegetated shores. We built matrix models to calculate population growth rates and estimated times to population extinction in natural and in regulated rivers, 13 and 10 populations, respectively. Models predicted population survival well (model predictions matched observed survival in 91% of populations) and accurately predicted abundance increases and decreases in 65% of populations. The observed and projected population growth rates differed significantly in all but 3 populations. In most cases, the model overestimated population growth. Model predictions did not improve when data from more years were used (1999–2006). In the regulated river, the poorest model predictions occurred in areas where cover of other plant species changed the fastest. Although vegetation cover increased in most populations, it decreased in 4 populations along the natural river. Our results highlight the need to combine disturbance and succession dynamics in demographic models and the importance of habitat management for species survival along regulated rivers. Precisión de Datos Demográficos de Corto Plazo en la Proyección del Destino de Poblaciones a Largo Plazo     

Persistent Unequal Sex Ratio in a Population of Grayling (Salmonidae) and Possible Role of Temperature Increase

In some fishes, water chemistry or temperature affects sex determination or creates sex‐specific selection pressures. The resulting population sex ratios are hard to predict from laboratory studies if the environmental triggers interact with other factors, whereas in field studies, singular observations of unusual sex ratios may be particularly prone to selective reporting. Long‐term monitoring largely avoids these problems. We studied a population of grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in Lake Thun, Switzerland, that has been monitored since 1948. Samples of spawning fish have been caught about 3 times/week around spawning season, and water temperature at the spawning site has been continuously recorded since 1970. We used scale samples collected in different years to determine the average age of spawners (for life‐stage specific analyses) and to identify the cohort born in 2003 (an extraordinarily warm year). Recent tissue samples were genotyped on microsatellite markers to test for genetic bottlenecks in the past and to estimate the genetically effective population size (N_e). Operational sex ratios changed from approximately 65% males before 1993 to approximately 85% males from 1993 to 2011. Sex ratios correlated with the water temperatures the fish experienced in their first year of life. Sex ratios were best explained by the average temperature juvenile fish experienced during their first summer. Grayling abundance is declining, but we found no evidence of a strong genetic bottleneck that would explain the apparent lack of evolutionary response to the unequal sex ratio. Results of other studies show no evidence of endocrine disruptors in the study area. Our findings suggest temperature affects population sex ratio and thereby contributes to population decline. Persistencia de Proporción de Sexos Desigual en una Población de Tímalos (Salmonidae) y el Posible Papel del Incremento de la Temperatura     

外源Ni对小麦孕穗期生长发育和成熟期产量的影响及其Ni毒害临界值

为探明小麦孕穗期毒害效应与成熟期籽实产量间的关系,实现中期毒害效应诊断与评价,以春小麦"冀张春3号"为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了外源Ni对小麦孕穗期植株生长和成熟期籽实产量的影响,并对不同生育期的生理指标进行了相关分析.结果表明,外源Ni会增加小麦孕穗期株高和叶片干质量,减少茎秆和穗干质量,降低成熟期籽实产量,投加Ni量≥100 mg·kg~(-1)时出现明显抑制作用,茎秆、穗干质量和籽实产量均明显下降(p0.05);小麦孕穗期各器官中Ni含量和富集系数由大到小的顺序为:根系穗茎秆叶片,外源Ni会明显增加小麦孕穗期各器官和籽实中Ni含量,其中,小麦穗和籽实中Ni含量和富集系数随Ni投加量的增加均呈二次吸收富集高峰.相关分析结果表明,土壤中各形态Ni含量与小麦孕穗期各器官和籽实中Ni含量均呈显著正相关(p0.05,p0.01),根系和穗中Ni及土壤不同形态Ni含量与茎秆、穗干质量和籽实产量呈显著负相关(p0.05,p0.01),茎秆和穗干质量与籽实产量均呈显著正相关(p0.05).研究提出,利用小麦孕穗期毒害效应突变点指标表征小麦外源Ni毒害临界值是可行的,其毒害临界值指标为:土壤全Ni含量为139.08 mg·kg~(-1),土壤有效态Ni(DTPA提取)含量为21.59 mg·kg~(-1),小麦穗Ni含量为19.17 mg·kg~(-1),小麦根系Ni含量为318.49 mg·kg~(-1).     

Nonylphenol photodegradation by novel ternary MIL-100（Fe）/ZnFe2O4/PCN composite under visible light irradiation via double charge transfer process

Nonylphenol（NP） residues, as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical（EDC）, frequently exist in sewage, surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, which poses a serious threat to human health due to its bioaccumulation. In order to remove NP, a series of MIL-100（Fe）/Zn Fe₂O₄/flake-like porous carbon nitride（MIL/ZC） was synthesized through in-situ synthesis at room temperature. High performance of ternary MIL/ZC is used to degrade NP under visible light irradiation. ...