Climate variability,political crises,and historical population displacements in Ethiopia

Abstract

El Niño events from the 1970s through the 1990s caused extended droughts in Ethiopia. These droughts were followed by famine and political turmoil that resulted in radical changes of government, secession, and a massive program of population redistribution. Cartographic analysis of Ethiopian census data from 1984 and 1994 shows changes in demographic patterns. The consequences of government-imposed migration policies, whose catalyst was the climate variability caused by repeated El Niño events, were changes in the ethnic composition of certain Ethiopian regions and changes in the geographic pattern of population growth.     

环境雌激素o,p′-DDT和抗雌激素氟维司群对斑马鱼胚胎的复合效应

为探究雌激素与抗雌激素的复合效应,将斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的胚胎暴露于o,p′-DDT和氟维司群2种典型的环境内分泌干扰物中,考察胚胎孵化率、孵化时间和总畸形率,并用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测Vtg1、Vtg2和ERα等雌激素效应相关基因的mRNA转录水平.结果显示,与单一化合物的暴露相比,o,p′-DDT和...     

干旱区绿洲土壤中重金属的形态分布及生物有效性研究

测定了Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni等重金属在不同处理土壤中的全量和各赋存形态,以及它们在盆栽试验油菜（Brassica cole）中的质量分数,并利用Pearson相关系数分析了该区土壤-油菜体系的生物有效性。结果表明,供试绿洲土壤原状土中,Cd、Pb、Zn和Ni均以稳定的残渣态形式存在;而在处理土壤中,重金属被钝化的量有限,Cd的存在形式主要以碳酸盐态为主,Pb、Zn和Ni则主要以铁锰氧化态为主。根据相关性分析,油菜根部和叶部的Ni质量分数均与土壤中Ni的各非残渣态分布系数有相关性,表明当土壤中Ni以非残渣态存在时,活动性Ni的质量分数较高,其被生物吸收利用的可能性也较大;油菜根部的Zn质量分数与土壤中Zn的碳酸盐结合态分布系数显著的正相关性;油菜各部位Cd和Pb的质量分数与土壤中Cd和Pb的各形态分布系数之间无显著相关关系。     

A field experiment characterizing variable detection rates during plant surveys

Surveys aimed at finding threatened and invasive species can be challenging due to individual rarity and low and variable individual detection rates. Detection rate in plant surveys typically varies due to differences among observers, among the individual plants being surveyed (targets), and across background environments. Interactions among these 3 components may occur but are rarely estimated due to limited replication and control during data collection. We conducted an experiment to investigate sources of variation in detection of 2 Pilosella species that are invasive and sparsely distributed in the Alpine National Park, Australia. These species are superficially similar in appearance to other yellow-flowered plants occurring in this landscape. We controlled the presence and color of flowers on target Pilosella plants and controlled their placement in plots, which were selected for their variation in cover of non-target yellow flowers and dominant vegetation type. Observers mimicked Pilosella surveys in the plots and reported 1 categorical and 4 quantitative indicators of their survey experience level. We applied survival analysis to detection data to model the influence of both controlled and uncontrolled variables on detection rate. Orange- and yellow-flowering Pilosella in grass- and heath-dominated vegetation were detected at a higher rate than nonflowering Pilosella. However, this detection gain diminished as the cover of other co-occurring yellow-flowering species increased. Recent experience with Pilosella surveys improved detection rate. Detection experiments are a direct and accessible means of understanding detection processes and interpreting survey data for threatened and invasive species. Our detection findings have been used for survey planning and can inform progress toward eradication. Interaction of target and background characteristics determined detection rate, which enhanced predictions in the Pilosella eradication program and demonstrated the difficulty of transferring detection findings into untested environments.     

垃圾渗滤液主要组分的催化湿式氧化降解

利用Mn/Ce复合氧化物催化剂对“年老”垃圾渗滤液主要组分正己酸、正丁酸、乙酸及氨氮进行催化湿式氧化(CWAO)降解,分析了CWAO降解过程中有机酸之间及氨氮与有机酸之间的关系.结果表明,CWAO可降解垃圾渗滤液中正己酸、正丁酸、乙酸,反应进行120min时TOC去除率均达90%以上.降解乙酸、正丁酸和正己酸混合溶液时,升温过程出现有机酸相互抑制降解现象.氨氮的存在导致正丁酸的降解率下降,而有机酸的存在也抑制了氨氮的降解.Ni2+可使催化剂中毒,使催化剂活性降低.     

USING CLIMATE FORECASTS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT: ARIZONA AND THE 1997–1998 EL NIÑO1

ABSTRACT: Unrelenting pressure on limited surface water supplies requires increasingly sophisticated water management approaches. Climate forecasts of seasonal precipitation and temperature are potentially useful, but the operational water management community currently underutilizes them. However, some agencies in Arizona took unprecedented advantage of forecasts for a potentially wet winter during the 1997–1998 El Niño event. This study investigates use of this information through a series of semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with key personnel from agencies responsible for emergency management and water supply; their jurisdictions ranged from urban to rural and local to regional. Interviews investigated information acquisition, interpretation, and incorporation into specific decisions and actions. While unprecedented actions were taken by some water management agencies and no agencies implemented inappropriate measures, some missed opportunities for more effective response, primarily through inaction. This study reveals a variety of technical factors and institutional characteristics affecting forecast use. Study findings emphasize the need for: (a) closer ongoing relationships between forecast producers and users, (b) increased institutional flexibility to exploit the increasing skill of seasonal climate forecasts, (c) demonstration projects of effective forecast use, and (d) a regional forum to facilitate information transfer between the hydro‐climatic research community and operational water managers.     

PTA废液回收利用技术

介绍了从精对苯二甲酸（PTA）废液中回收醋酸,邻、对苯二甲酸,醋酸钴锰盐的回收工艺。醋酸得率为90％,邻、对苯二甲酸得率为70％,醋酸钴锰盐得率为95％。该技术成熟、合理,具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

黄河(清水河段)沉积物中锰、钴、镍的化学形态研究

建立了黄河(清水河段)沉积物中锰、钴、镍的化学形态分析方法,系统地研究了它们在其有效态中的聚集能力及在各种粒径沉积物中的分布.      

过去300a长江中下游异常丰梅事件变化与洪涝灾害

2016年6—7月,长江流域发生重大洪涝灾害,给社会生产和人民生活带来严重损失。而该时段内梅雨因其强降水过程频繁、持续时间长、雨量集中等特点成为主要致灾因子。论文利用历史文献和观测资料,构建了1736年以来异常丰梅事件年表,分析了其长期变化特征及与El Ni?o事件的统计关系,并诊断了El Ni?o造成异常丰梅事件的大气环流背景。结果表明:1736—2016年间共发生44次异常丰梅事件(含21次特大梅雨事件),其中1900年代、1910年代、1990年代是异常丰梅事件最为频繁的3个时段;与2016年梅雨特征相近的特大梅雨事件有21次。过去300 a间,异常丰梅事件与El Ni?o存在较好的对应关系,44次异常丰梅事件中37次发生在El Ni?o的当年或次年;在21次特大梅雨事件中16次伴随El Ni?o出现。伴随El Ni?o事件而发生的异常丰梅事件环流特点是中高纬经向环流偏强,我国境内水汽输送通道偏西、偏北,大量水汽滞留在长江流域,并与南下的冷空气交汇,从而形成持续性降水;而在El Ni?o次年,低纬存在较强且稳定的副热带高压,水汽输送路径偏北,长江中下游水汽输送通量显著增强,更容易导致异常丰梅事件的发生。     

锂离子电池正极材料的回收及再制备

通过湿化学法从废旧锂离子电池中回收得到Li+、Co2+的硝酸溶液,以此为钴源,与Ni(NO3)2.6H2O、Mn(NO3)2按化学计量比混合,用草酸盐共沉淀法制备草酸盐前驱体,然后按Li过量5%加入Li2CO3混合,在空气中于800～950°C煅烧15 h得LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2,研究了煅烧温度对材料结构、形貌以及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,900℃保温15 h制备的LiCo1/3Mn1/3Ni1/3O2正极材料,为理想的(α-NaFeO2层状结构,颗粒为大小均匀的球形,在2.5～4.3 V的电压范围内,以0.1 C的恒定电流进行充放电,其首次充放电比容量分别为194.3和150.9 mAh/g,10次循环之后的容量保持率为89.9%,放电比容量为135.0 mAh/g。