东南沿海生物气溶胶的扩散模拟研究

将沿海扩散模式OCD与区域输送模式相嵌套,集成在区域空气质量模拟系统RegAQMS中,由天气研究和预报模式WRF提供气象场,大气边界层模式计算湍流场和边界层特征参数,并引入生物气溶胶的干湿沉积、生物学衰变、温度和湿度衰减、紫外辐射衰减等过程,使得RegAQMS具备模拟生物气溶胶浓度分布的能力.利用改进后的RegAQMS,以2008年7、8月为例,针对东南沿海地区,进行了口蹄疫病毒生物气溶胶扩散有关物理和生物过程的敏感性试验,对地面口蹄疫病毒浓度进行模拟和风险等级评估.敏感性试验表明,考虑干湿沉积、温度、湿度和生物学衰减过程之后,7、8月地面病毒平均浓度(≥0.01μg.m-3的网格点平均)分别减小61.9%和65.6%,污染区面积分别减小25.6%和50.1%,温度衰减是影响夏季病毒浓度的最主要过程,生物学衰减和干湿沉积也起着较大的作用,湿度衰减的影响很小.风险和感染评估结果表明,在与前人研究类似的源释放条件下,研究区域大部分为低等风险区和安全区,高等风险区以上的面积较小,呈条状分布在两个主要风频的下风向,7月和8月的风险区面积分别占整个区域面积的61.6%和54.2%,感染区面积占整个区域面积的不到1%.受海洋大气和海峡地形作用的影响,流场规则、日风向变化和水平湍流强度小,这些是引起病毒较高传播风险和感染的主要原因.     

中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NOx分布特征

为了探究我国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x的分布特征,于2015年11月-2016年1月,利用中国极地科学考察船"雪龙号"的观测平台,采用Saltzman法对中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NO_x日均浓度进行了监测.结果表明,中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气ρ（NO_x）的变化范围为0.001~0.038 mg/m3,ρ（NO）的变化范围为0.001~0.033 mg/m3,ρ（NO₂）的变化范围为0（未检出）~0.015 mg/m3.中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气中,NO是NO_x的主要成分.南极圈外海洋近地层大气中NO_x的分布特征显示距离陆地越近,ρ（NO_x）越高,NO₂/NO（二者质量浓度比值）越大,反映出海陆差异及人为污染对海洋近地层大气的影响.远离陆地的南大洋航段ρ（NO_x）显示较低的大洋背景值.南桑威奇群岛的火山活动导致附近海域异常高浓度的NO_x分布,ρ（NO_x）最高值达0.160 mg/m3,ρ（NO）为0.145 mg/m3,ρ（NO₂）为0.015 mg/m3.西风带的阻隔导致该区域NO_x向周围扩散时,难以穿越西风带,向南极大陆边缘扩散的趋势更加强烈,影响大范围南大洋近地层大气NO_x分布.人为活动可能是南极半岛和中山站附近海洋近地层大气高ρ（NO_x）和高NO₂/NO的原因之一.      

车载激光雷达对北京地区边界层污染监测研究

介绍了自行研制的车载差分激光雷达AML-2探测原理及技术参数,于2006-08、2006-09在不同天气因素条件下对北京西南郊榆垡地区大气边界层污染物O3、NO2、SO2进行了实时监测,对比分析了3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征.结果表明,无外来污染输送时,3种污染物在阴雨天气总体浓度较小,O3和NO2浓度随高度升高而减小,SO2浓度垂直分布少见此特征,但在近地面0.6 km左右有较强SO2污染层.南部气流输送对北京地区大气环境影响明显,2006-08-23～2006-08-25这次强污染气流输送高度约1～1.5 km,3种污染物浓度垂直分布及日变化特征受到干扰,北京榆垡地区边界层O3、NO2、SO2总体浓度明显上升.     

Influence of thermal environment on metallographic structure characteristics of the electric arc bead pattern

Electrical apparatuses are prone to arc, which generally causes a fire, even an explosion hazard, when a flammable gas mixture is present, especially during industrial processes. Terrible fire scenes are challenging for fire investigations. In this work, by performing a simultaneous thermal analysis test we simulated a fire environment and found that as the oxygen concentration decreased, the oxidation/exothermic peak temperature of ‘cause’ bead became higher, but the melting temperature was unaffected. Results indicated that the bead pattern underwent oxidation at approximately 831 °C, melting initiated at approximately 1060 °C, and the pattern then disappeared. The melted pattern grain changes were divided into three critical temperature stages: Approximately 600 °C, the onset temperature at which the melted pattern grains began to be equiaxed; approximately 831 °C, at which the grains were interspersed with oxygen-containing material; and 831–1060 °C, when the grains disappeared, which is a criterion for identifying electrical fires. However, the boundaries remained throughout the thermal environment process. Moreover, the bead pattern demonstrated three metallographic regions: Deep layer (Region I), the intermediate layer (Region Ⅱ), and surface layer (Region Ⅲ). Region I was the most thermally sensitive, in which equiaxed crystals first appeared. Region Ⅲ was the thermal reaction lag zone, in which the typical branching crystals finally disappeared, and Region Ⅱ was intermediate between Regions I and Ⅲ. The results may help fire investigators determine the fire scene temperature stages and provide support for fire evidence extraction.     

漏电开关质量可靠性评价指标及模型的探讨——兼论民用建筑安全供用电网络的可靠构筑

结合对电气可靠性技术的宏观分析态势及安全减灾[9][10]的迫切要求,研究了实用的漏电开关质量可靠性评价指标及分析模型;针对漏电开关的故障,提出了构筑现代民用建筑(多指住宅)供用电安全网络的实施要点及有关标准化措施。     

关于宽板塑性弯曲变薄理论解的讨论

指出了宽板塑性弯曲原理论解[1]和实验值[2]的矛盾,提出了一种新的理论解法,并与实验值作了比较,二者非常接近。     

K/T界面冲击层的岩石矿物特征及其对论证地外撞击事件的意义

分布在世界各地的K／T界面剖面，尽管形成环境各异，但彼此之间的岩石矿物特征却有许多共同之处。对于大多数剖面来说，界面粘土层的底都普遍存在着一个结构特别的冲击层。冲击层的厚度在全球的分布并不均匀，北美和加勒比海地区可达2～50cm，而其它地区则只有几厘米。冲击层的厚度可能反映了距离撞击坑的远近。详细的岩石与矿物学研究结果表明，在北美和加勒比海地区冲击层实际上具有双层结构特征。上面的一层称为火球层，除了富集Ir和其它地外指示元素外，还含有大量的烟灰和富Ni镁铁尖晶石。下面的溅射层则含有大量的冲击玻璃球粒（玻璃陨石）和冲击变质矿物。K／T界面冲击层的发现为Ir异常的地外撞击成因解释提供了更为直接的物理证据。     

塔里木西南缘下地壳低速层的成因:斜长角闪岩的纵波速度和衰减的限制

在1 0GPa,室温～1200℃条件下,测量了新疆库地地区斜长角闪岩的纵波速度(Vp)和品质因子(Q值),得出在1 0GPa恒压下,Vp和Q值随温度和深度的变化关系。结果显示,Vp和Q值随温度的升高而下降,观察实验样品并结合Vp和Q值与熔体含量的关系,发现部分熔融是影响Vp和Q值变化的主要因素。依据实验结果,并结合区域上压力梯度和温度梯度资料计算了Vp和Q值随深度的变化。结果表明Vp和Q值先随深度的增加而缓慢增大,在32km左右开始突然减小,表明开始出现低速层。结合温度和熔体含量的关系得出,低速层的出现可能是部分熔融的结果。塔里木及周边地区的地震测深以及地震反演的结果也显示,在相同的温度和压力条件下,地壳内部32～44km的范围内存在低速层,同时高温高压的实验结果与阿拉木图地区的Vp值相当一致,可以推测塔里木西南缘下地壳的岩石成分中含有斜长角闪岩。     

Turbulence Perturbations in the Neutrally Stratified Surface Layer due to the Interaction of a Katabatic Flow with a Steep Ridge

Turbulence measurements were performed in Antarctica, on the Nansen Ice Sheet, dominated by westerly katabatic winds. The measurements were taken at two sites aligned with the katabatic wind fall-line. The measuring stations were located in the middle of a wide, flat iced area at a distance of 14 km from the base of a sloping surface and at the top of a steep ridge (Inexpressible Island). The aim was to investigate the perturbation of turbulence close to the ground generated by the interaction of the flow with the ridge. We present an analysis comparing the data measured at the upstream unperturbed station with those at the top of the obstacle. Moments and spectra of velocity components have been calculated for almost steady periods. The topography and roughness change produce a combined effect on the flow acceleration (of the opposite sign) and on the turbulent stresses (of the same sign). Spectra of velocity components measured at the top of the ridge and scaled by unperturbed quantities evidence an increment of energy in the high frequency subrange with respect to the up-stream flow. Moreover, the horizontal velocity components display a shift in turbulence maximum towards higher frequencies. The vertical velocity spectrum exhibits an energy increment at low frequencies with respect to the upstream spectrum.     

天然水颗粒电动电位的化学模型

结合表面络合化学和双电层物理理论建立天然水颗粒电动电位(即ζ电位)与颐粒表面固有的化学性质及天然水化学条件之间的定量关系。在不同化学条件下,对均匀胶体颗粒(包括聚苯乙烯Latex颗粒和α-Fe_2O_3颗粒)进行电泳测定来验证该模型。结果表明,颗粒表面ζ电位与颗粒表面离子化官能团(—COOH或—OH)的化学性质、天然水pH值和专属吸附的阴阳离子(Ca~(2+)和PO_4~(3-))有密切关系。