Measurements,Theories and Simulations of Particle Deposits on Super-Heater Tubes in a CFB Biomass Boiler

The present investigation involves theories, simulations and experiments on deposit layers on super-heater tubes in a circulating fluidised bed in Västerås in Sweden. Simulation of particle trajectories in the vicinity of two super-heater tubes is conducted in a Eulerian-Lagrangian mode for the flue gas and the ash particles from the combustion process. Particle impingements on the tubes are investigated for different particle sizes. Measurements of the buildup of deposit layers in the super-heater environment are conducted using a deposit probe. Deposit layer growth and growth rate is analysed for different probe temperatures, as well as the aspect of sintering on the probe ring surface. Analysis of the probe deposit material and deposits from the super-heaters and from textile filters are chemically analysed. The temperature dependence of the deposit materials viscosity is predicted from the chemical analysis of the samples. A model is included to simulate the effect of the deposit layer thickness on the tube heat exchange. The results from the particle trajectory simulations show that particle larger than 10 mm will mainly impinge on the front of the first tube and that smaller particles are more dispersed due to turbulence and thermophorectic forces, enabling a more even impingement on the whole surface of the tubes. The probe deposit layer growth measurements show significant temperature dependence. The deposit material sintering and distribution is proven to be dependent on; temperature, particle size and exposure time. The stickiness of the deposit material is shown to be dependent on the SiO₂ and alkali relation in the samples, estimated through a viscosity model.     

保护层分析(LOPA)中的独立保护层探讨

介绍了保护层分析(LOPA)的基本原理及独立保护层(IPL),讨论过程工业各种典型保护层满足IPL的条件和确定初始事件失效概率(PFD)的原则。在实际运用中,应谨慎识别和确定各种IPL及其PFD,防止IPL虚假使用、重复使用和确定过高或过低的PFD。     

矿山粉尘的湿式纤维层过滤阻力类比研究

为提高矿山粉尘收集效率,对除尘器湿式过滤层纤维丝过滤阻力进行理论分析,建立粉尘粒子通过除尘器湿式纤维丝时的阻力理论模型,自行设计了湿式纤维层过滤实验模拟系统,模拟矿山粉尘特点进行了实验研究,对理论模型参数进行了无量纲修正,进一步完善粉尘湿式过滤的阻力理论公式.实验表明,该理论在实际应用中具有较高的准确性.经修正后的理论曲线不仅与实验曲线的趋势保持一致,同时数值上也基本吻合,具有良好的代表性.     

北京地区近35年大气污染扩散条件变化

本文使用NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)再分析月平均数据(2.5°×2.5°)、1980~2015年北京地区(54511站点)的探空数据及温、压、湿、风、降水数据,分析了近35年来北京地区大气污染扩散条件的变化.主要结论有:1980~2015年,大气不断增温,1990年以后逆温明显,大气较为稳定,冷空气到达北京上空后对下层的影响减弱,3级以上偏北风频率减少,近地层辐合.同时,2000年以后中高层下沉运动位置不断下压,低层上升运动加强,低层上升运动被限制在边界层以内,这样会导致垂直扩散条件转差.1980~1989年大气容量指数较为稳定,1990~1999年大气容量指数出现波动,而2000~2015年大气容量指数呈现明显减小的趋势.总体来看,近35年大气自身的容纳能力呈现一个平缓的下降趋势.1980~1989年春季和冬季大气容量指数较大,1990~1999年春季和夏季大气容量指数较大,但是2000年以后,无论哪个季节,大气自身的容纳能力都是在减弱的,季节性差异变小.边界层高度在这30多年来都是春季和夏季较高,秋季和冬季明显降低.     

基于地基遥感资料的厦门市污染边界层特征分析

城市大气边界层是影响城市环境气象的重要研究对象,本研究利用新型地基遥感数据针对城市颗粒物污染过程开展边界层特征分析,旨在利用风廓线雷达和微波辐射计等高时空分辨率的遥感数据探讨边界层内大气运动、温湿条件的变化与近地面污染累积的关系.结果表明:厦门地区颗粒物污染过程中,边界层内弱风层厚度较地面风速而言更能够代表边界层内扩散条件的变化,可以更好地表征和预测近地面污染的变化;在局地累积的污染过程中,边界层内存在较厚的弱风层,同时2 km以下的风场有明显的风向转变特征,导致边界层内不存在有效的传输和扩散,另外,污染时边界层垂直温差可以在一定程度上反映干季的垂直扩散条件,0～3 km温差与PM_(2.5)浓度有着密切的联系;冷空气过程有将上游污染物向本地区输送的可能,城市边界层在东北大风的条件下伴随着显著的垂直下沉运动,有利于上空污染向下扩散.多源地基遥感数据联合分析能够进一步解释城市边界层内气象条件对于城市大气污染变化的影响,集合各设备的探测优势开展城市宜居和污染气象条件研究具有较高的科学性和可行性.     

跃移层风沙输运数值模拟

利用fluent软件,选用欧拉-欧拉法对跃移层风沙输运进行模拟,分析了粒径、风速对沙粒体积浓度的影响。结果表明:风沙流发育分为增长、回落和稳定3个阶段;风沙流稳定后沙粒体积浓度沿高度按层分布;输运层主要集中于地表30 cm以下;同一粒径沙粒,随着风速的增大,沙粒体积浓度最大值与最大值出现的高度增大;同一种风速下,粒径增大,体积浓度最大值减小,最大值出现的高度则增高。     

1981~2017年四川省大气自净能力变化特征分析

利用四川省1981~2017年逐日地面气象观测资料和2017年1月环境监测资料,计算分析了四川省大气自净能力指数的时空变化特征及其影响因子,并初步探讨了2017年1月成都市大气自净能力指数与空气质量的关系.结果表明：四川省大气自净能力指数的分布形势以川西高原北部、川西高原南部、攀西地区、盆地西南部大气自净能力为较好到好,省内其余大部地区大气自净能力较差到差.近37a来,四川省、川西高原、攀西地区多年变化呈减弱趋势,四川盆地多年变化趋势不显著.影响因子中,四川省降水日平均大气自净能力指数小于非降水日.四川省以及各区域平均风速、通风量、风速较大日数和小风日数与大气自净能力指数呈显著正和负相关关系;混合层厚度与大气自净能力指数呈显著的正相关关系.     

基于LOPA逻辑的罐区多米诺效应定量风险评估*

为了更好地降低化工企业罐区事故造成多米诺效应的风险,提出1种基于保护层分析（LOPA）的定量风险评估程序。首先,阐述基于保护层分析(LOPA)逻辑的多米诺定量风险评估流程,即引入包括可用性、有效性及3种逻辑门定义及量化的安全屏障定量评估;然后,利用LOPA的分析逻辑将安全屏障融入多米诺定量风险评估框架中;最后,选取2×2 000 m3苯乙烯罐区为对象,识别防火层与喷淋冷却系统2种安全屏障并开展基于LOPA逻辑的罐区多米诺效应定量风险评估,得出安全屏障能有效地降低多米诺事故发生频率及罐区个人风险的结论。研究结果表明:该分析方法可为化工企业开展多米诺效应定量风险评估提供参考。     

Comparison of dynamic subgrid-scale models for simulations of neutrally buoyant shear-driven atmospheric boundary layer flows

Several non-dynamic, scale-invariant, and scale-dependent dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) models are utilized in large-eddy simulations of shear-driven neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flows. The popular Smagorinsky closure and an alternative closure based on Kolmogorov’s scaling hypothesis are used as SGS base models. Our results show that, in the context of neutral ABL regime, the dynamic modeling approach is extremely useful, and reproduces several establised results (e.g., the surface layer similarity theory) with fidelity. The scale-dependence framework, in general, improves the near-surface statistics from the Smagorinsky model-based simulations. We also note that the local averaging-based dynamic SGS models perform significantly better than their planar averaging-based counterparts. Lastly, we find more or less consistent superiority of the Smagorinsky-based SGS models (over the corresponding Kolmogorov’s scaling hypothesis-based SGS models) for predicting the inertial range scaling of spectra.     

Observations of the cross-wind velocity variance in the stable boundary layer

Nine tower datasets over grassland, brush rangeland, snow covered plain, the ocean, three different pine forests, an aspen forest and an urban site, are used to document the scale-dependence of the cross-wind velocity variance in the stable boundary layer. The turbulence velocity variance scales with the surface momentum flux, as reported in previous studies. Such scaling removes the stability dependence of the variance at a given site, and also removes most of the differences between sites. The scaling is more effective with use of a record-dependent averaging time for defining the turbulent fluctuations. The variable averaging time is the timescale associated with the gap region in the heat flux multiresolution cospectra. On scales larger than turbulence and less than a few hours (mesoscale), variations in the cross-wind velocity variance at a given site are not related to local variables such as the friction velocity. Possible exceptions include suppression of turbulence and mesoscale motions in well-defined drainage flows and enhancement of turbulence and mesoscale motions in stronger winds downstream of a ridge. Larger mesoscale variance is associated with complex terrain and forested sites compared to the more homogeneous sites in flat terrain with short or no vegetation. These differences between sites are related to the absence of a gap region in the velocity spectra at the complex terrain and forested sites. The observed probability distribution functions of the total variance and the mesoscale variance are documented for different averaging times, stability classes and site characteristics.