中国水泥行业2011—2022年二氧化碳和大气污染物排放分析

2011—2021年,熟料产量呈波动上升趋势。水泥行业整体生产运行水平不断提高,熟料单条生产线平均规模由43.8万t/条提升至115.3万t/条,熟料单位产品综合能耗下降14.4%,熟料单位产品CO₂排放强度下降6.3%,但CO₂排放总量增加了13.8%,与氮氧化物减排趋势形成较大反差,碳污治理水平差距明显。熟料生产中石灰石分解和煤炭燃烧过程的CO₂排放合计占比为92.9%~93.8%,是CO₂排放的主要来源。由于熟料系数偏高、非碳酸盐原料替代不足、综合能耗仍然较高等原因,安徽等7个熟料产量大的省份的CO₂排放强度高于全国。建议实行碳酸盐熟料产量总量控制,逐步降低熟料应用比例,加快建材市场熟料产品和非碳酸盐原料替代,降低高标号水泥使用比例。应大力推广水泥行业节能降耗增效技术,加快熟料落后产能淘汰。对熟料产量大、碳排放强度高的地区,应结合当地碳排放特点,实行差别化降碳策略。各大气污染防治重点区域应因地施策推进水泥行业减污降碳工作。     

雷击引起森林火灾的研究

从雷云的结构,闪电的形成与发展过程,闪电的能量与功率等方面介绍了闪电引发森林火灾的过程,提出了采用等效发生器的原则对雷电进行模拟。研究了雷击引发森林火灾的条件,介绍了雷击火的研究与监测现状,提出了雷击火的预防与减灾措施。     

Enhancement of extracellular Cr(VI) reduction for anammox recovery using hydrazine: performance,pathways, and mechanism

● N₂H₄ addition enhanced and recovered anammox performance under Cr(VI) stress. ● N₂H₄ accelerated electron transfer of Cr(VI) reduction for detoxification. ● N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism for activity recovery from Cr(VI) inhibition. ● Extracellular Cr(VI) reduction to less toxic Cr(III) was the dominant mechanism. The hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) would frequently impose inhibition to anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process, hindering the efficiency of nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment. Hydrazine (N₂H₄), which is an intermediate product of anammox, participates in intracellular metabolism and extracellular Cr(VI) reduction. However, the roles of N₂H₄-induced intracellular metabolism and extracellular reduction in nitrogen removal under Cr(VI) stress remain unclear. The addition of 3.67 mg/L of N₂H₄ increased the anammox activity by 17%. As an intermediate, N₂H₄ enhanced anammox metabolism by increasing the heme c content and electron transfer system activity. As a reductant, N₂H₄ accelerated the reduction of c-Cyts-mediated extracellular Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). Extracellular Cr(III) accounts for 74% of the total Cr in a Cr(VI)-stressed anammox consortia. These findings highlight that N₂H₄-induced extracellular Cr(VI) reduction is the dominant mechanism for the survival of anammox consortia. We also found that N₂H₄ increased the production of extracellular polymeric substances to sequester excessive Cr(VI) and produced Cr(III). Taken together, the study findings suggest a potential strategy for enhancing nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich wastewater contaminated with Cr(VI).     

CDM项目温室气体减排成本的不确定性分析

以清洁发展机制(CDM)为背景,针对计算温室气体排放量和减排成本中存在的不确定性进行了MonteCarlo模拟研究,分析了不确定性变量是如何影响决策变量的.结论是:各类碳排放因子、碳排放量、碳减排成本、减排收益是相互关联而存在连锁影响的,其中的发电碳排放因子和煤炭开采释放的甲烷排放系数是主要的.这为进一步计算或估计存在的风险,从而为参与CDM谈判决策提供重要的决策参考.     

微电解处理间二硝基苯生产废水的研究

采用微电解—混凝沉淀工艺对间二硝基苯生产废水进行预处理。确定了最佳工艺参数;pH为3,停留时间为60min,铁碳比为2∶3。经处理后间二硝基苯生产废水的生化性大大提高,废水中硝基苯的去除率可达到70％以上。     

Experimental study on biomass advanced reburning for nitrogen oxides reduction

Advanced reburning (AR) is effective for nitrogen oxides (NO_x) reduction, which integrates the basic reburning (BR) with the injection of nitrogen agents and additive compounds. The basic reburning of poplar, cornstalk, wheat-straw and peanut shell, is studied on a boiler simulator facility (BSF). The influence of operating parameters and the synergistic effect of the injection of ammonia, urea or/and sodium carbonate on NO_x reduction are investigated. The results show that an efficiency of 54–67% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the basic reburning process under the optimum operating conditions and the efficiency would be increased if nitrogen agent is injected with the over-fire air or into the burnout zone. Further, co-injection of sodium carbonate with the nitrogen agent could make the NO_x reduction process more thorough. On the whole, 85–92% NO_x reduction could be achieved during the advanced reburning process with a reburning fuel heat input of 15–20%.     

畜禽养殖污染减排组合处理技术研究进展

针对农村畜禽养殖种类多、地域广、规模大所造成的畜禽污染物产生以及收集方式多样,单一的处理技术无法满足养殖污染物控制要求的问题,对畜禽养殖污染减排组合处理技术进行了综述。     

不同工况耦合生物反应器处理低C/N比生活污水试验

在全程好氧工况或低氧+厌氧+好氧工况下,采用耦合生物反应器处理低CN生活污水和污泥减量的试验结果表明:在进水CODCr负荷0.80～1.20kg(m3·d)、NH+4N浓度70～90mgL、TN浓度75～110mgL、HRT=8h、温度约25℃条件下,CODCr和NH4N去除率均可达85%和90%以上;采用低氧+厌氧+好氧工况较全程好氧工况具有更高的TN去除率和更低的污泥产率,其TN去除率高达81.1%,污泥产率为0.065kgkg。     

数学统计方法在公路降噪措施中的应用

基于交通噪声影响的复杂性,提出将层次分析法和加权系统聚类法应用于公路环保设计降噪措施的决策中,有效避免了人为主观因素的片面性.选取3个反映交通噪声影响程度的指标并予以量化,采用层次分析法和加权系统聚类法对各个受噪声影响的环境敏感点按影响程度进行排序及归类,在时间及资金有限的情况下,实现降噪措施的优化设计及资金的有效使用.     

个人行为改善与减缓气候变暖研究

不断增加的能源消耗造成温室气体排放的增加,导致气候变暖,并且气候变暖在日益加剧。个人行为也是造成气候变暖的重要原因之一。应对气候变暖,除采取清洁发展机制等从排放源减少排放外,改善人们行为来减少排放也是实现气候目标的重要途径。本文在分析了个人行为对气候的影响、个人行为改善的途径及促进个人行为改善实例研究的基础上,提出了促进改善个人行为、减缓气候变暖的建议。