The distribution of,and relation among,mercury and methylmercury,organic carbon,carbonate, nitrogen and phosphorus,in periphyton of the South Florida ecosystem

Periphyton samples from Water Conservation Areas, Big Cypress National Preserve, and Everglades National Park in south Florida were analyzed for concentrations of total mercury, methylmercury, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon, and inorganic carbon. Concentrations of total mercury in periphyton decrease slightly along a gradient from north‐to‐south. Both total mercury and methylmercury are positively correlated with organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in periphyton. In horizontal sections of periphyton mats, total mercury concentrations tend to be largest at the tops and bottoms of the mats. Methylmercury concentrations tend to be the largest near the bottom of mats. These localized elevated concentrations of methylmercury suggest that there are “hot spots”; of methylmercury in periphyton.     

The dangers of skin-lightening creams

Skin-lightening creams are extensively promoted online and in the media. They may contain a wide variety of active ingredients such as mercury, hydroquinone, and steroids that are highly toxic, especially after prolonged application. For more than a decade, we found high mercury content in many products sold on Saudi markets. Some of these products were later banned by the government. However, the presence of other ingredients has not been documented. We undertake this study on some of the most popular skin-lightening creams on the market to test for toxic ingredients such as mercury, titanium dioxide, hydroquinone, and corticosteroids. A total of 33 different brands were selected for the analysis of titanium (50 samples), hydroquinone (55 samples), and corticosteroids (56 samples) with the exception of mercury in which only 23 brands (34 samples) were tested. This study showed that 2 of 34 skin-lightening creams had mercury above the US FDA limit of 1?µg?g^?1. All products had titanium dioxide at less than 25% (w/w) of the EU and US FDA safety limits for personal products but 8 products from 7 different brands contained titanium dioxide above 1%, the permissible limit in cosmetics as color additives. In this study, we found 8 creams from 7 different brands had hydroquinone above 1.5% (w/w), the newly proposed FDA limit of hydroquinone in OTC skin-lightening drug products. Among the four tested corticosteroid compounds, the most frequently detected was cortisone and 18 products from 13 different brands were above 6?µg?g^?1 (MDL) with a maximum of up to 0.32% (w/w). Dexamethasone was found in 7 creams from 5 different brands with only 3 above the MDL of 9?µg?g^?1. Although one might argue that these corticosteroids are of mild or low potency, and they may be unlikely to have any adverse effects, these products are marketed as personal-care products on the assumption that they are safe and free of steroids. The overall results indicate that many of the skin-lightening creams sold in the Saudi market contained one or more toxic ingredients that in most cases were not listed on the packaging. Many of these ingredients are harmful and pose health risks if we take into account the frequency of application, the duration of practice, and area of the body applied, and their use during pregnancy and/or periods of lactation.     

类芬顿试剂吸收去除气态元素汞

实验初步研究了类芬顿试剂为吸收剂对气态元素汞的脱除性能,考察了铁盐种类、pH、初始汞浓度、反应温度、卤素离子、甲酸添加量等因素对类芬顿试剂脱除气态元素汞性能的影响.结果表明,在pH 3.5条件下,以氯化铁为催化剂时,气态元素汞的脱除效率为76.4%;添加250μg.mL-1Cl-、150μg.mL-1Br-或5.0μg.mL-1甲酸均可以显著提高类芬顿反应体系对气态元素汞的脱除效果,最高脱除效率可达95%以上.     

新型高分子絮凝剂对水中有机配位汞的捕集性能

将二硫代羧基引入到聚乙烯亚胺中,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX).以含汞水样为处理对象,考察了水样pH值对PEX去除Hg2+效果的影响,并研究了水样中存在有机配位剂EDTA、柠檬酸铵以及氨基乙酸等时,PEX捕集Hg2+的性能.实验结果表明,在不同pH值下,该絮凝剂对Hg2+均具有很好的捕集效果,Hg2+的最高去除率均可达到100%.pH值对PEX投加量有一定的影响,同样去除率下, pH值较低时,PEX投加量相对较多.水样中EDTA的存在,在一定程度上会抑制Hg2+的去除,但增加PEX投加量会减弱或消除此影响.柠檬酸铵的存在会促进Hg2+的去除;而氨基乙酸的存在,在较低pH值下会促进Hg2+的去除,pH值升高时其对Hg2+的去除表现为抑制作用.絮体浸出实验表明汞的浸出率较低,PEX—Hg絮体具有很好的稳定性,不易引起二次污染.     

燃煤烟气汞排放与控制研究进展

近年来,煤燃烧烟气汞排放加剧。针对燃煤中汞的形态分布以及各种影响因素进行分析和综述,对炉内脱汞和烟气汞排放的控制方法的原理和技术进行了总结和分析。     

半封闭溶样冷原子荧光测定鱼体中总汞分析方法的建立

文章建立了一种新的测定鱼体中总汞的方法,将半封闭混酸消化法与冷原子荧光法并用,对鱼体肌肉组织在95~140 ℃下进行消化并测定其总汞含量。实验结果显示,该方法精确度高,便于操作;对鱼汞含量标准样品(TORT 2,DORM 2)的实测结果与推荐值间误差小于1.13%,是快速、准确地测定鱼体中总汞的理想方法。     

上海老港垃圾填埋场中汞的释放规律研究

利用AMA 254-Automatic solid/liquid Hg Analyzer对上海老港垃圾填埋场不同年份封场单元上覆土壤中的汞进行了系统研究,发现垃圾填埋场的汞主要以气态形式进行扩散释放。上覆土壤中的汞含量与土壤自身的特性有关,上覆土壤中总有机碳、土壤总汞、易挥发汞和结合态汞之间具有明显的相关性,影响并控制着汞的释放,同时垃圾封场时间对垃圾填埋场中汞的释放有明显影响。不同成熟度垃圾的上覆土壤中汞都具有次表面样品总汞含量高于表面样品的特点,但变化趋势不同。     

空气环境中汞污染物分析测试的技术进展

阐述了我国空气环境中汞污染的现状,介绍了几种空气环境中汞污染分析测试技术。     

硫代硫酸铵添加对黄平大黄油菜富集土壤汞的影响-田间试验

在田间条件下,研究添加硫代硫酸铵对黄平大黄油菜(Brassica juncea var.HPDH)富集土壤汞(总汞含量13.7mg·kg-1)及土壤汞形态转化影响。试验设置2个处理,对照小区(无硫代硫酸铵)和处理小区(每公斤土壤加入8 g硫代硫酸铵),硫代硫酸铵溶液在植物收获前7 d添加到土壤。试验结束后,分析植物生物量和组织内汞含量。结果表明,硫代硫酸铵处理小区植物生物量(干重)要略高于对照区。硫代硫酸铵处理小区植物根系和地上部分汞含量分别是对照区的600和250倍。利用连续化学浸提法分析了修复前后土壤汞形态变化特征,发现硫代硫酸铵辅助植物修复后能显著降低土壤有机结合态汞含量,大幅度提高残渣态汞含量,溶解态与可交换态汞含量略有增加,特殊吸附态和铁锰氧化态汞含量无显著变化。     

氯化汞对鲤幼鱼鳃组织抗氧化系统和组织损伤研究

在急性毒性试验的基础上,设定0.052 mg·L-1(SL)、0.13 mg·L-1(SM)、0.26 mg·L-1(SH)三个汞离子染毒浓度和一个对照组(SC)研究无机汞污染对黄河鲤幼鱼鳃组织过氧化物酶(POD)活性和(丙二醛)MDA含量以及鳃组织损伤的影响。实验结果显示:POD活性随氯化汞浓度的增加先上升后下降,当浓度为0.26 mg·L-1时POD活性显著的低于对照组(p0.05);实验组MDA含量均显著高于对照组(p0.05);实验组鳃组织可见鳃小片肿胀,基部增生,上皮细胞脱落,泌氯细胞增多,细胞核溶解及金属沉积。试验结果表明氯化汞对鲤鳃组织结构和抗氧化系统具有明显的损伤。