青海省民和县-海石湾土壤Hg异常调查及其生态效应

通过对民和县-海石湾城区及其周边地区表层土壤Hg元素异常空间分布特征的分析,查明了大气降尘是当地Hg异常的最主要来源,此外生活、工业固废污染也是可能的原因;在垂向分布上,自上而下Hg元素大体呈上升趋势,显示表面Hg元素富集。对土壤中Hg形态进行特征分析,探讨了Hg的各形态与含量之间的相关性,结果显示:残渣态>强有机态>腐植酸态>铁锰氧化态>水溶态>碳酸盐态>离子交换态。异常区土壤Hg的累积并未造成小麦及玉米的重金属超标,未影响到其食用安全性,但是潜在威胁性存在。     

燃煤锅炉烟气汞污染控制技术浅析

燃煤锅炉烟气是最大的人为汞排放源。通过对燃煤锅炉烟气汞分布及脱汞技术的分析,提出利用现有的烟气污染控制设备以提高汞的脱除效率,走复合式污染控制之路是目前我国经济技术上可行的选择。     

Hg^2＋诱导发光报告基因系统的构建及其检测红壤中残汞的研究

将汞诱导型启动子PmerT和其调控基因merR与egfp基因融合构建发光报告基因系统.通过mini-Tn5系统把merR-egfp插入到Pseudomonas putida染色体DNA上,构建成为在Hg2＋诱导下能特异性表达绿色荧光蛋白的工程菌,并将其应用于检测江西红壤中汞污染.当土壤中汞含量在0.04～50 mg.k...     

前郭灌区居民发汞含量及影响因素研究

从第二松花江(二松)下游的前郭灌区内采集了120名居民的头发样品(发样),测定了发样中的总汞(发汞)含量,分析了人体汞累积的影响因素,评价了当地居民的汞暴露风险水平.结果表明,居民发汞含量为0.15～1.01mg/kg,平均含量为0.56mg/kg.其中,男性发汞平均含量为0.55mg/kg,略低于女性发汞平均含量(0.60mg/kg).随年龄的增长,居民发汞含量呈现先增长后降低的趋势.其中,低于20岁人群的发汞含量最低,平均值为0.47mg/kg;40～50岁人群发汞含量最高,平均值为0.73mg/kg;发汞含量与个体性别、身高、体重等生理特征及吸烟、饮酒、食鱼量等生活习惯的相关关系不显著.120份发样中,仅有1例发汞含量超过了美国环保局制定的参考剂量(RFD)限值(1.00mg/kg).本研究表明,目前二松下游居民的汞暴露风险水平已经很低,长期提取二松江水灌溉对当地居民健康未构成威胁.据此推断,以二松为主要水源的哈达山水库建成后,通过灌溉对当地居民健康造成的影响也较低.     

Determination and assessment of total mercury levels in local, frozen and canned fish in Lebanon

Fish is an important constituent of the Lebanese diet. However, very little attention in our area is given to bring awareness regarding the effect of the toxicity of mercury (Hg) mainly through fish consumption. This study aimed to report analytical data on total mercury levels in several fish species for the first time in thirty years and to also made individuals aware of the presence and danger from exposure to mercury through fish consumption. Fish samples were selected from local Lebanese markets and fisheries and included 94 samples of which were fresh, frozen, processed, and canned fish. All values were reported as microgram of mercury per gram of fish based on wet weight. The level of mercury ranged from 0.0190 to 0.5700 μg/g in fresh samples, 0.0059 to 0.0665 μg/g in frozen samples, and 0.0305 to 0.1190 μg/g in canned samples. The data clearly showed that higher levels of mercury were detected in local fresh fish as opposed to other types thus placing consumers at higher risk from mercury exposure. Moreover, the data revealed that Mallifa (yellowstripe barracuda/Sphyraena chrysotaenia), Sargous (white seabream/Diplodus sargus), Ghobbos (bogue/Boops hoops), and shrimp (Penaeus sp.) were among the types containing the highest amounts of mercury. On the other hand, processed fish such as fish fillet, fish burger, small shrimp and crab are found to contain lower levels of mercury and are associated with lower exposure risks to mercury. Lebanese population should therefore, be aware to consume limited amounts of fresh local fish to minimize exposure to mercury.     

滨海城市气溶胶中颗粒态汞的分布特征

与气溶胶颗粒相结合的汞,即颗粒态汞,不仅对人体健康及生态环境产生一定的危害,而且在汞的生物地球化学过程扮演重要角色.以我国东南滨海城市厦门市为研究对象,采集郊区、居民区、旅游区、工业区和背景区四季(2008年10月～2009年8月)的PM2.5、PM10和TSP样品,基于塞曼原子吸收法的俄罗斯LumexRA-915+汞分析仪对大气不同粒径颗粒物中颗粒态汞进行了测试.结果表明,厦门市大气不同粒径颗粒物中汞的含量均表现为冬、春两季的浓度明显高于夏、秋两季;春、夏、秋、冬四季细颗粒物(PM2.5)中的含量分别为(51.46±19.28)、(42.41±12.74)、(38.38±6.08)和(127.23±33.70)pg/m3.不同粒径颗粒物中汞主要分布在PM2.5中,占到颗粒物态汞的42.48%～67.87%,表明细粒子富集汞的能力较强.不同功能区颗粒态汞的浓度分布趋势为背景区居民区旅游区工业区郊区,说明颗粒态汞浓度的空间分布特征与采样点的环境功能密切相关.总体而言,滨海城市大气颗粒态汞含量较低;PM2.5对颗粒态汞的富集明显高于PM10和TSP,表明对颗粒态汞的控制应集中在细颗粒物污染上.     

西安城区大气PM_(2.5)中有机碳与元素碳的污染特征

为研究西安市夏、秋、冬3季大气细颗粒物中碳组分的污染变化规律,于2013年夏、秋、冬3季在西安市明城墙内采集大气中的PM2.5样品,测定了样品中的有机碳和元素碳的含量。结果显示,PM2.5中OC和EC的季节平均浓度冬季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低。OC/EC的比值在夏、秋、冬3季均超过2.0,说明采样期间夏、秋、冬3季均存在二次污染。OC/PM2.5的比值夏秋两季差异较小,冬季明显高于夏秋两季;EC/PM2.5的比值在夏、秋、冬3季的变化不大。OC和EC的相关性:夏季秋季冬季。OC与PM2.5的相关程度冬季秋季夏季,且随季节更替变化明显;EC与PM2.5的相关性:秋季夏季冬季。即随着季节变化PM2.5浓度水平整体升高、污染加重时,PM2.5中的OC所占比例明显升高,EC比较稳定,说明受人为影响的二次排放为主要成分的OC对PM2.5贡献更大。     

万峰湖水体和沉积物中汞的污染现状及风险评价

分析了万峰湖水体和沉积物中汞的污染现状以及汞含量分布状况,分别采用单因子污染指数法表征了水体中汞污染程度,地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了沉积物中汞污染程度和潜在生态风险。结果表明,11个采样点水中汞含量为ND~0.034μg/L,平均值0.014μg/L,均符合国家地表水质量Ⅲ类标准;沉积物中汞含量为0.039~0.358 mg/kg,平均值0.169 mg/kg。从三江口—红村码头水和沉积物中汞含量均呈现波状起伏分布,分布趋势较一致。单因子评价法显示研究区水体中无汞污染,地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法显示所测样点沉积物中有82%无汞污染,45%生态风险很低。     

Effect of mercuric chloride on terrestrial slug Semperula maculata and histopathology of reproductive organs: a comprehensive study

Since the last few decades, terrestrial diversity is found to be under stress due to the contamination by various chemicals and gases of aquatic and agricultural media. The bioaccumulation of these compounds at certain concentrations in different tissues produces histopathological changes leading to behavioral changes in target animals. This study focused on terrestrial molluscan slug, Semperula maculata, against lethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl₂). Bioaccumulation of Hg was highest in ovotestis, while lowest in the molluscan penis. Histopathological changes were observed in the cellular arrangement of reproductive organs. Alterations in the penis and the dart gland included dilated unicellular, multicellular glands, and muscular dystrophy, dilated peripheral glandular cells, respectively; dilation being maximal in the prostate gland. Ovotestis showed depleted number of gametocytes. Vacoulized pre-vitellogenic oocytes with early vitellogenic oocytes were noted under light microscopy. Mercury produced toxicity on secretory functions and lowered the rate of reproduction in animals. Evidence indicates that Hg produced gamete degeneration, impacted reproductive capacity and survival of this species in the ecosystem.     

城市道路及隧道空气中元素汞分布特征的研究

近年来随着城市交通基础建设的发展,汽车保有量的大幅增加,化石燃料的燃烧也随之增加,城市空气质量面临新的挑战。其中,大气汞污染受到越来越多的关注。文章利用Lumex RA-915和多功能汞分析仪,应用原位检测方法在隧道行车中和道路旁2 m远处,测定了城市隧道及道路周边空气中的元素汞的分布,初步研究了地面交通汞排放对周边环境中元素汞分布的特征的影响。结果表明:隧道内各点的大气汞浓度变化较小,并与通风情况有关;当隧道外自然风风速较大时,隧道内外大气中元素汞浓度均明显降低,从10~17ng/m3降低到4~8 ng/m3。地面道路旁大气元素汞的分布随汽车行驶状况、温度和昼夜变化而变化。中午大气中汞浓度较低,而傍晚较高;从白天至晚上呈上升趋势,从10.8 ng/m3和16.4 ng/m3升高到15.7 ng/m3和19.4 ng/m3;气温越高,大气中的汞浓度也越高;路口汽车怠速时汞浓度较高。因此,应加大交通排放对城市大气汞污染贡献的关注。