西昌市13种野生蘑菇中汞含量分析及安全性评价

地球生态系统汞的水平一般非常低,但某些大型真菌对汞的强烈积累则是例外.分析了采集于四川省西昌市未受汞污染地方生长的13种野生蘑菇99个样品子实体中汞的含量,用原子荧光法测定蘑菇和蘑菇采集地土壤中的汞含量.野生蘑菇的汞含量随蘑菇种类的不同而不同,双色牛肝菌积累汞的能力最强,质量比为0.99 mg Hg/(kg·dw),生物富集常数(BCF)达2.01.提出野生蘑菇对汞的积累明显受介质汞水平的影响.分析的汞含量与早期的文献数据报道进行比较,评价了法律规定的人体吸收汞水平和食用蘑菇对人体汞吸收量的贡献,指出人们在消费蘑菇时可能存在的风险和应对措施.     

Mercury distribution around the Spolana chlor-alkali plant (central Bohemia, Czech Republic) after a catastrophic flood, as revealed by bioindicators

The current mercury concentrations in moss Hypnum cupressiforme, in forest floor humus and in oak and pine bark were determined in a 10-km radius around a chlor-alkali plant affected by a flood in 2002. Similar distribution patterns of Hg had accumulated in four bio-indicators, irrespective of different Hg concentrations in the analysed biological matrices. No accumulation of extremely Hg-contaminated materials was found in the flooded parts. The bio-indicators, used alone or in combination, can be recommended for effective and reliable determination of Hg contamination levels around Hg sources.     

Watershed Nitrogen and Mercury Geochemical Fluxes Integrate Landscape Factors in Long-term Research Watersheds at Acadia National Park, Maine, USA

This paper is an overview of this special issue devoted to watershed research in Acadia National Park (Acadia NP). The papers address components of an integrated research program on two upland watersheds at Acadia NP, USA (44° 20′ N latitude; 68° 15′ E longitude). These watersheds were instrumented in 1998 to provide a long-term foundation for regional ecological and watershed research. The research was initiated as part of EPA/NPS PRIMENet (Park Research and Intensive Monitoring of Ecosystems Network), a system of UV-monitoring stations and long-term watershed research sites located in US national parks. The initial goals at Acadia NP were to address research questions about mercury, acid rain, and nitrogen saturation developed from prior research. The project design was based on natural differences in forests and soils induced by an intense wildfire in one watershed in 1947. There is no evidence of fire in the reference watershed for several hundred years. We are testing hypotheses about controls on surface water chemistry, and bioavailability of contaminants in the contrasting watersheds. The unburned 47-ha Hadlock Brook watershed is 70% spruce-fir mature conifer forest. In contrast, burned 32-ha Cadillac Brook watershed, 4 km northeast of the Hadlock watershed, is 20% regenerating mixed northern hardwoods and 60% shrub/rocky balds. Differences in atmospheric deposition are controlled primarily by forest stand composition and age. The watersheds are gauged and have water chemistry stations at 122 m (Cadillac) and 137 m (Hadlock); watershed maximum elevations are 468 and 380 m, respectively. The stream water chemistry patterns reflect, in part, the legacy of the intense fire, which, in turn, controls differences in forest vegetation and soil characteristics. These factors result in higher nitrogen and mercury flux from the unburned watershed, reflecting differences in atmospheric deposition, contrasting ecosystem pools of nitrogen and mercury, and inferred differences in internal cycling and bioavailabilty.     

长江水系河流与水库中鲤鱼的元素含量特征

针对长江三峡水库蓄水后引起水库汞活化效应对生态与环境的影响问题,系统地分析了长江水系水库与河流鲤鱼肌肉的Ａｓ,Ｃｄ,Ｃｕ,Ｆｅ,Ｈｇ,Ｍｎ,Ｐｂ,Ｓｅ,Ｎａ,Ｍｇ等元素含量的分布特征。并以丹江口水库－汉江,陈村水库－青戈江为例,用多元分析证明水库与河流的鲤肌肉中Ａｓ,Ｓｅ,Ｈｇ,Ｃｄ等元素含量存在显著差异,同时指出水库汞活化效应引起的鱼体汞含量增加是该元素的一种生物地球化学现象,并利用同一水系水库     

次氯酸钾氧化去除烟气中单质汞的反应机理

采用KClO氧化吸收烟气中的Hg⁰,研究了脱汞性能和反应机理。结果表明：提高反应温度会降低脱汞性能,加快KClO热分解,减小Hg⁰溶解度,抑制氧化还原放热反应;提高Hg⁰浓度会增大Hg⁰在气相主体和气液界面的分压差,进而提高Hg⁰的传质速率,使Hg⁰去除率提高;继续提高Hg⁰浓度,反应限速步骤从气膜移向液膜,使Hg⁰去除率下降;KClO质量分数低于10%时,Hg⁰和KClO溶液的气液两相传质效率由液相控制;Hg⁰去除率随吸收液初始pH的升高而降低,吸收液pH随反应时间的延长而升高。     

煤电大气汞驱动因素、排放预测和减排策略研究:以辽宁省为例

煤电是我国汞污染的重要来源,旨在控制汞排放的《水俣公约》也将煤电列为重点管控源.因此,我国急需提出科学合理的策略以指导煤电汞减排工作.明确煤电汞排放的驱动因素以及预测未来趋势是制定污染控制政策的基础.鉴于此,本文以辽宁省为例,综合运用对数平均迪氏分解法、环境学习曲线和情景分析模型,辨识了燃煤电厂汞排放的主要影响因素,并预测了未来十年的大气汞排放量.结果显示:2006—2017年排放从5009kg(-57.8%,79.1%)大幅下降至1419kg(-61.1%,80.2%),排放因子、煤炭消耗效率和电力行业结构是汞排放的主要抑制因素,而电力需求拉动了辽宁省大气汞排放.在基准情景下,燃煤电厂大气汞排放从2017年的1419kg下降至2030年的1243kg.在环境规划和严格控制情景下,2030年燃煤电厂大气汞排放分别下降了1200kg和1274kg.最后,本文针对辽宁省汞减排提出一系列政策建议:①通过优化电厂污染物控制设施,提高洗煤比例等措施降低汞排放因子;②继续淘汰低效燃煤电厂,并推广节能技术以提高煤炭消耗效率;③推进风能、光能等可再生能源替代煤电.     

酸沉降区域碱性湖泊中汞的生物地球化学循环演化研究意义

大量研究表明,酸沉降引起酸化敏感性湖泊湖水的酸化,会影响湖泊系统汞的赋存状态和相互转化。但是,对于酸沉降同时引起的湖泊SO42 的增加是否会影响湖泊汞的赋存状态和相互转化尚存在分歧。而对于非酸化敏感湖泊,受酸沉降影响湖水仍然呈现碱性的湖泊结果如何还不清楚。据此,本文综述了湖泊体系中汞的生物地球化学循环演化规律,并总结近年来的研究成果,结合我国西南地区湖泊所处的特殊地质环境及其污染和研究现状,指出对酸沉降区域碱性湖泊中汞的生物地球化学演化规律进行研究的必要性和重大意义。     

Characterization of coal burning-derived individual particles emitted from an experimental domestic stove

Coal combustion in the domestic stoves, which is common in most parts of the Chinese countryside, can release harmful substances into the air and cause health issues. In this study, particles emitted from laboratory stove combustion of the raw powder coals were analyzed for morphologies and chemical compositions by using transmission electron microscopy(TEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry(EDX). The coal burning-derived individual particles were classified into two groups: carbonaceous particles(including soot aggregates and organic particles) and non-carbonaceous particles(including sulfate, mineral and metal particles). The non-carbonaceous particles, which constituted a majority of the coal burning-derived emissions, were subdivided into Si-rich, S-rich, K-rich,Ca-rich, and Fe-rich particles according to the elemental compositions. The Si-rich, S-rich and K-rich particles are commonly observed in the coal burning emission. The proportions for particles of different types exhibit obvious coal-issue dependence. Burning of coal with high ash yield could emit more non-carbonaceous particles, and burning of coal with high sulfur content can emit more S-rich particles. By comparing the S-rich particles from this coal burning experiment with those in the atmosphere, we draw a conclusion that some S-rich particles in the atmosphere in China could be mainly sourced from coal combustion.     

贵州万山汞矿区汞的环境污染及对生态系统的影响

通过对贵州万山汞矿地区环境样品(水、土壤、植物、农作物和动物)的系统研究,发现该地区的环境汞污染以土壤、大气污染为主,水体基本处于正常范围.土壤汞含量为24.31～347.52mg·kg^-1,比全国土壤平均值高出2～3个数量级;水中汞含量除了冶炼厂荷花池中含量较高外,其它水体为0.10～0.68ng·mL^-1.由于矿山长期的开采和冶炼,整个环境的汞污染严重,当地的植被、农作物、动物中存在明显的汞蓄积,各种植物不同部位的汞含量为0.47～331.4mg·kg^-1;苔藓可以高度富集汞.     

封闭式城市生活垃圾填埋场向大气释放汞的途径

利用自动测汞仪和动力学通量箱技术,对武汉市某生活垃圾填埋场封闭的扩建部分向大气释放汞的途径进行了研究.结果发现,封闭式垃圾填埋场释放汞的途径主要是通过地表,而排气筒的释放很小.观测期间地表汞的释放强度平均为(192.5±245.3)ng·(m²·h)^-1,比世界背景区域高出1～2个数量级.释放过程具有明显的昼夜变化规律,白天高于夜间,并在午间达到峰值.光照强度与汞释放通量间的相关性最高,达到0.77,说明Hg(Ⅱ)的光致还原作用是挥发态Hg0生成的主要途径.垃圾填埋场排气筒释放的气体中Hg0的平均浓度为7.0～68.9 ng.m^-3,远低于运行中的垃圾填埋场,并且流速也很小.