Relationship between the loading rate of inorganic mercury to aquatic ecosystems and dissolved gaseous mercury production and evasion

The purpose of our study was to test the hypothesis that dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) production and evasion is directly proportional to the loading rate of inorganic mercury [Hg(II)] to aquatic ecosystems. We simulated different rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in 10-m diameter mesocosms in a boreal lake by adding multiple additions of Hg(II) enriched with a stable mercury isotope (²⁰²Hg). We measured DGM concentrations in surface waters and estimated evasion rates using the thin-film gas exchange model and mass transfer coefficients derived from sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) additions. The additions of Hg(II) stimulated DGM production, indicating that newly added Hg(II) was highly reactive. Concentrations of DGM derived from the experimental Hg(II) additions (“spike DGM”) were directly proportional to the rate of Hg(II) loading to the mesocosms. Spike DGM concentrations averaged 0.15, 0.48 and 0.94 ng l⁻¹ in mesocosms loaded at 7.1, 14.2, and 35.5 μg Hg m⁻² yr⁻¹, respectively. The evasion rates of spike DGM from these mesocosms averaged 4.2, 17.2, and 22.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The percentage of Hg(II) added to the mesocosms that was lost to the atmosphere was substantial (33–59% over 8 weeks) and was unrelated to the rate of Hg(II) loading. We conclude that changes in atmospheric mercury deposition to aquatic ecosystems will not change the relative proportion of mercury recycled to the atmosphere.     

Measurement of Particulate Bound Mercury,Gaseous Elemental Mercury,and Reactive Gaseous Mercury Concentrations by Using an Ambient Air Mercury Collection System

In this investigation, the concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) in ambient air were measured at the Hung Kuang (traffic) sampling site during September 27 to October 6, 2014. An ambient air mercury collection system (AAMCS) was utilized to measure simultaneously PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations in ambient air. The results thus obtained demonstrate that the mean concentrations of PBM, GEM, and RGM were 38.57 ± 11.4 (pg/m³), 17.67 ± 5.56 (ng/m³) and 10.78 ± 2.8 (pg/m³), respectively, at this traffic-sampling site. The mean GEM/PBM and GEM/RGM concentration ratios were 458 and 1639, respectively. The results obtained herein demonstrate that AAMCS can be utilized to collect three phases of mercury simultaneously. The mean PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations herein were compared with others found in Asia, America, Europe and Antarctica. The mean PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations were found to be lowest in Asia and Antarctica. The mean PBM concentration in Europe was approximately eight times that in this investigation. The mean GEM and RGM concentrations in this study were 1.21 and 170 times those found in the United States.     

Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management1

Vidon, Philippe, Craig Allan, Douglas Burns, Tim P. Duval, Noel Gurwick, Shreeram Inamdar, Richard Lowrance, Judy Okay, Durelle Scott, and Steve Sebestyen, 2010. Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):278-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00420.x Abstract: Biogeochemical and hydrological processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. These heterogeneous processes have recently been conceptualized as “hot spots and moments” of retention, degradation, or production. Nevertheless, studies investigating the importance of hot phenomena (spots and moments) in riparian zones have thus far largely focused on nitrogen (N) despite compelling evidence that a variety of elements, chemicals, and particulate contaminant cycles are subject to the influence of both biogeochemical and transport hot spots and moments. In addition to N, this review summarizes current knowledge for phosphorus, organic matter, pesticides, and mercury across riparian zones, identifies variables controlling the occurrence and magnitude of hot phenomena in riparian zones for these contaminants, and discusses the implications for riparian zone management of recognizing the importance of hot phenomena in annual solute budgets at the watershed scale. Examples are presented to show that biogeochemical process-driven hot spots and moments occur along the stream/riparian zone/upland interface for a wide variety of constituents. A basic understanding of the possible co-occurrence of hot spots and moments for a variety of contaminants in riparian systems will increase our understanding of the influence of riparian zones on water quality and guide management strategies to enhance nutrient or pollutant removal at the landscape scale.     

水/气界面间汞交换通量的研究进展展

本文综述了近年来国内外大量文献,对有关水体和大气中汞的存在形态、特性及水/气间汞交换通量的影响因素进行了总结,描述了目前国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对该领域下一步的研究方向进行了探讨.     

土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞释放通量的影响

以重庆市的主要耕作土壤——紫色土为研究对象,用动力通量箱与RA-915＋汞分析仪联用技术,通过室内模拟实验研究土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞交换通量的影响.结果表明,加入外源硝酸汞的土壤汞交换通量大于加入硝酸亚汞的土壤汞交换通量,对照土壤的汞释放通量最小.随着土壤含水量的增加,土/气界面汞交换通量有增加的趋势,在土...     

无机离子与胡敏酸对零价铁去除水中Pb（Ⅱ）、Hg（Ⅱ）的影响

研究了Ca2+、Cl-和胡敏酸(HA)对零价铁(ZVI)去除水中Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的影响及其动力学特征,应用X-射线衍射分析(XRD)初步探讨了ZVI对Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的去除机制.结果表明,ZVI主要通过吸附-共沉淀作用去除水中的Pb(Ⅱ),氧化还原作用去除Hg(Ⅱ).随着Ca2+浓度的增加,Hg(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的去除率分别呈逐渐升高和轻微下降的趋势;增加Cl-浓度有利于Hg(Ⅱ)的去除,但Pb(Ⅱ)去除率增加不明显;Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)去除率随HA浓度的增加分别呈缓慢升高和缓慢下降的趋势.当Cl-、Ca2+和HA共存时,Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的去除率分别达到99.71%和97.95%.在Cl-、Ca2+、HA单独存在和共存时,ZVI去除Pb(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)的过程均符合准一级反应动力学特征;Pb(Ⅱ)的去除速率常数以5 mg·L-1HA单独存在时最大(0.0240 min-1),而Hg(Ⅱ)以0.80 mmol·L-1Ca2+单独存在时最大(0.0169 min-1).     

不同煤种对烟气中汞的形态和分布的影响

采用化学热平衡分析方法研究了不同煤种燃烧过程中汞元素的化学形态及其分布.选用的煤种为唐山烟煤、高平无烟煤、贵州六盘水贫煤、小龙潭褐煤、印尼褐煤及宜昌褐煤6个煤样,在50~700℃温度范围内,比较讨论了不同煤样在氧化性气氛中汞的化学形态和物理相.结果表明:烟气温度较低时,原煤中S元素含量对烟气中汞的形态和分布的影响占主导地位;而原煤中Cl-含量越多,低温时最容易实现从HgSO4到HgCl2的转化,高温时最难实现从HgCl2到单质Hg的转化;相对于其它煤种,S和Cl元素在褐煤燃烧过程中的这种影响相对弱些.     

燃煤电厂烟气汞的排放及控制研究

随着环保意识的增强,燃煤电厂汞污染越来越受到人们的关注,对燃煤电厂烟气汞污染的控制也逐渐成为热点。介绍了燃煤电厂烟气中汞的排放形态及特性,分析了燃煤电厂烟气汞形态转化的影响因素,综述了有关燃煤电厂烟气中汞污染控制技术及研究进展,讨论了燃烧前脱汞、燃烧中脱汞和燃烧后脱汞技术,特别分析了利用现有烟气脱硫设备吸收法脱汞、吸附法脱汞、催化氧化脱汞的技术,并对燃煤电厂烟气脱汞技术的前景进行了展望,提出结合现有烟气净化设备同时脱汞的设想。     

儿科医护人员汞污染认知调查和职业汞暴露评价

为了解儿科医护人员对汞污染的危害认知和汞泄露后的处置情况及可能的职业汞暴露,选取儿科医护人员31人和对照人群26人为研究对象,通过问卷调查了解其对汞污染危害的认知;测定儿科病房的大气汞含量,分析儿科医护人员的头发和尿液的汞含量,评价其职业汞暴露风险。结果显示,儿科医护人员对汞污染危害的认知较低,对汞泄漏后的处置方式不恰当。儿科病房大气汞含量较高,并由损耗的体温计和血压计造成。儿科医护人员的尿汞平均含量为1.58"g/L,显著高于对照人群0.70"g/L。护士工龄和使用美白产品对医护人员的尿汞含量有一定的影响。需要加强儿科医护人员汞危害认知和汞泄露处置的宣传教育,以降低医院汞污染和职业汞暴露风险。     

我国南方两个典型森林生态系统的硫、氮和汞沉降量

利用混合降水采样器,对江西千烟洲和湖南会同两个森林生态站的大气硫、氮和汞的湿沉降和穿透水沉降进行了为期1 a的观测.在2013-12~2014-11的观测期间,千烟洲站降水中的SO_4~(2-)-S、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N和Hg的体积加权平均质量浓度分别为1.89 mg·L~(-1)、0.957 mg·L~(-1)、0.401 mg·L~(-1)和12.5 ng·L-1,而穿透水中的平均浓度分别为2.39 mg·L~(-1)、1.18 mg·L~(-1)、0.897 mg·L~(-1)和22.2 ng·L-1,穿透水浓度较降水有不同比例的增加.会同站穿透水中的元素平均浓度则分别为2.93mg·L~(-1)、1.60 mg·L~(-1)、0.502 mg·L~(-1)和22.0 ng·L-1.基于穿透水的千烟洲站大气硫、氮和汞的沉降量分别为3.56g·(m2·a)-1、3.02 g·(m2·a)-1和30.6μg·(m2·a)-1,会同站分别为6.18 g·(m2·a)-1、4.48 g·(m2·a)-1和37.3μg·(m2·a)-1,三者均在夏季达到最高.汞的干湿沉降量相当,而硫和氮的湿沉降量在总沉降量中占主导地位.与硫沉降和氮沉降主要来自人为源不同,自然源对汞沉降的贡献较明显,特别是在会同站.