中国大米汞含量研究

从中国9个省、市或地区的市场采集了303个大米样品,测定了其总汞和甲基汞的含量,评估了我国居民食用大米导致汞暴露的健康风险。大米总汞采用混合酸消解后CVAFS测定,甲基汞采用萃取-反萃取-水相乙基化结合GC-CVAFS测定。结果显示：各地区大米总汞的平均含量为3.6～17μg·kg-1,低于我国食品汞限量标准20μg·...     

不同污染类型沉积物中汞的形态分布

采用连续化学浸提法技术对不同污染类型沉积物中的汞形态进行分析,结果表明,化工汞污染类型河流沉积物中汞形态的分布规律基本一致,强有机质结合态占总汞的比例比较大,其次为碱溶态;万山汞矿区残渣态汞所占比例最高;锌冶炼汞污染沉积物碱溶态所占的比例较高。由此可见,不同排放源对汞形态影响比较大。     

铜基改性非碳基吸附剂汞脱除性能研究

对以CuCl2及CuBr2为活性物质,6种大比表面积非碳基载体制成的吸附剂在不同烟气条件下的汞吸附性能及价态分布进行了研究.在纯N2条件下以氧化铝、沸石、皂土为载体的吸附剂具有很高的汞脱除率.水蒸气会降低吸附剂的汞脱除率,SO2对非碳基吸附剂有抑制作用,对CuBr2改性吸附剂及以皂土为载体的吸附剂的影响尤为突出.NO的影响更多地取决于吸附剂载体的性质.HCl的加入对CuCl2改性吸附剂及以皂土为载体的吸附剂的汞脱除率有抑制效果.模拟真实烟气的作用是几种酸性气体的叠加.其中CuCl2改性氧化铝在所有烟气条件下均表现出较好的汞吸附性能及很高的汞氧化率.     

Distribution of mercury in different environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runoff, and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined effect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake(Argentina):Concentration patterns in different components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 μm planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the 200 μm fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.     

农田土壤中汞的吸附分配行为研究

汞是环境中毒性最强的重金属之一,由于具有持久性、长距离迁移性和生物累积性被列为全球性污染物。土壤是汞重要的源和汇,在汞的生物地球化学循环中发挥关键作用,其理化性质可以显著影响汞的吸附分配行为。本文基于采自全国各地的131份农业土壤样品考察了汞(Hg2+)在土壤中的吸附分配行为,测定了Hg2+的固液分配系数(Kd),并探讨其与p H、有机质(OM)、粒度组成、溶解性有机质(DOM)和总硫等土壤理化性质的关系。利用逐步多元线性回归的方法分析发现旱地土壤对汞Kd的主要影响因素是DOM和土壤粒度,而水田的主要影响因素是总硫。通过淹水实验,进一步探究了土壤氧化还原对Hg2+分配的影响。研究发现,旱地土壤中,大部分土壤在淹水30 d后Kd呈明显增大趋势,继续淹水至60 d的Kd表现为稳定或下降的趋势;大部分水田土壤在淹水条件下Kd未表现出增大的趋势,且随淹水时间呈稳定或下降的趋势。     

中国城市污泥中汞含量的时空分布特征

为全面了解中国城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中汞的赋存状况,从全国40个城市污水处理厂采集315个污泥样品,使用DMA-80直接测汞仪测定了样品中汞的含量.结果表明,全国城市污泥样品中的汞含量范围为0.45~15.42 mg·kg~(-1),汞含量符合对数正态分布,几何平均值为(2.19±3.16)mg·kg~(-1).所有污泥样品中的汞含量均满足《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置混合填埋用泥质》(GB/T 23485-2009)规定的污泥填埋标准;97.8%的城市污泥汞含量均满足土地改良用泥质标准(中性、碱性土壤);86.7%的城市污泥汞含量满足土地改良用泥质标准(酸性土壤).不同城市的污泥样品汞含量存在较大差异(变异系数105%),同一个污水处理厂污泥汞含量也不稳定(7d变异系数0.6%~53.6%).污泥中汞含量中位数呈现华北地区东北地区西北地区西南地区华东地区华中地区华南地区的空间分布趋势.以相应城市的土壤背景值为参比,利用地累积指数法,对于城市污泥中的汞污染现状进行了评价,发现汞重度污染以上的省份比例达到60%以上.与历史数据对比发现,全国城市污泥中汞含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,峰值出现于2000~2009年.研究结果为城市污水和污泥汞污染的防治工作提供了数据支持.     

环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱（液相色谱、气相色谱）和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱（紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等）的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

三峡库区非线性延迟的环境效应及其防治对策

介绍了非线性延迟的环境效应的概念、危害及其预测和防治对策。针对三峡库区的污染现状，与浙江千岛湖（新安江水库）建库40年后蓝藻水华暴发的环境状况比较，强调三峡水库局部水域可能存在人为富营养化污染引起的非线性延迟的环境效应，特别是水库蓄水后库区支流香溪河水域蓝藻水华暴发的风险性极大；根据三峡水库毗邻武陵山汞矿带高汞背景区，燃煤的硫和汞含量较高，以及库区酸沉降和汞污染状况较为严重的状况，提出库区存在汞甲基化和酸沉降引起的非线性环境效应。讨论了相应这些效应的控制对策和措施，并建议现在充分重视这些非线性环境效应，在库区生态环境建设中要考虑这些影响的防治措施。     

Reduction of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources including coal combustion

Mercury(Hg)ranks number three,after arsenic(As)and lead(Pb),on the Substance Priority List of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry(ATSDR,2019).M...