上海市危险废物焚烧行业二噁英排放特征研究

通过对上海市危险废物焚烧行业焚烧炉排放烟气数据的分析,结果表明：不管是医疗废物焚烧炉还是一般危险废物焚烧炉,其二蟋英分布规律大致相同;PCDFs对二曝英的贡献率远高于PCDDs;实测检出的二嚼英异构体中,占二嚼英总量比例较大的依次为1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD和OCDD;I—TEQ贡献最高的二嚼英异构体为2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,贡献率达31．08％～53．56％。17种二喏英异构体与I—TEQ的相关性分析表明,仅2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF在2类焚烧炉中与I—TEQ均存在相关性,其相关系数分别为0．989和0．998,可以作为潜在的测定指示物。     

南京市建筑扬尘排放清单研究

统计分析了2010年南京市各行政区建筑场地面积和工期,结合扬尘排放因子,建立了南京市建筑扬尘排放清单。研究表明,2010年南京市建筑扬尘TSP、PM10和PM2．5的排放量分别达2．53万t、1．40万t和0．95万t,占工业烟（粉）尘排放量的23％、13％和8．6％。郊区县建筑扬尘排放量较大,约占全市 TSP、PM10、PM2．5排放总量的72％;主城区排放强度较高。对不同建筑工程类型扬尘排放量估算表明,城市建设工程和市政工程是建筑扬尘的主要来源,城市建设工程中又以住宅类建设工程为主。对不同研究获得的建筑扬尘结果比较,发现扬尘排放因子选择和污染源活动水平统计是影响建筑扬尘结果的关键因素。     

天津市O3生成与其前体物NOx、VOCs排放的相关性研究

以天津市2010年污染源普查数据中SO2、NOx及颗粒物排放数据以及各行业挥发性有机物调查核算数据为主要数据源,制作天津市大气污染物排放清单,用MM5模型模拟2010年天津市地区1、4、7、10月的气象场,通过CMAQ模型,设置不同计算情景,分析天津市ρ(O3)变化与NOx及挥发性有机物的排放量变化关系。结果表明,天津市的O3生成处于VOCs控制区,随着天津市NOx减排力度的不断加大,ρ(O3)可能呈上升趋势,在夏季,需要削减40%以上挥发性有机物,以避免ρ(O3)进一步上升。     

石化装置停工放空的VOCs排放估算参数要求探讨

石化装置开停工及检维修过程中的泄压吹扫放空是石化企业VOCs的重要排放源项之一。分析了我国石化企业对停工及检维修的现行操作规范与《石化行业VOCs污染源排查工作指南》中对该源项核算方法参数要求的不符之处,并参照美国炼油厂有毒有害空气污染物国家排放标准的相关规定,提出了监测和操作方面的改进建议。     

几种污水处理厂氨气排放因子测试方法比较

选用4种方法测试污水处理厂的沉砂池、初沉池、曝气池、二沉池工艺段的氨气浓度、污水指标和氨气排放因子,结果表明:氨气排放浓度与污水中氨氮浓度及总氮浓度有较好的线性关系,氨气很大程度上来自水中氨氮或总氮的转化;其中挥发速率模型法现场实测获得的氨气排放因子最高,为0.919 g/m3。     

内蒙古电力输出生态补偿模式下排污权交易模型探讨

内蒙古作为我国北方重要的生态屏障,多年来大力保护草原生态,已经基本建立了良好的生态系统。然而,内蒙古同时承担着清洁能源输出基地的职能,锡盟煤电外送基地将在2020年建成。届时,集中的开发必然导致锡盟草原的生态问题,因此亟需针对特定地区开展生态补偿问题,本文通过制度及政策分析,在排污权交易角度,提出一条解决生态补偿资金问题的新途径。并进行了制度模型的优势分析。     

Tailpipe emission characterizations of diesel-fueled forklifts under real-world operations using a portable emission measurement system

Non-road equipment is one of the key contributing sources to air pollution. Thus, an accurate development of emission inventory from non-road equipment is imperative for air quality management, especially for equipment with a large population such as diesel-fueled forklifts. The objective of this paper is to characterize duty-cycle based emissions from diesel-fueled forklifts using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Three duty-cycles were defined in this study, including idling, moving, and working (active duty operation) and used to characterize in-use emissions for diesel-fueled forklifts. A total of twelve diesel-fueled forklifts were selected for real-world emission measurements. Results showed that fuel-based emission factors appear to have smaller variability compared to time-based ones. For example, the time-based emission factors for CO, HC, NO, and PM_2.5 for forklifts were estimated to be 16.6–43.9, 5.3–15.1, 26.2–49.9, 5.5–11.1 g/hr with the fuel-based emission factors being 12.1–20.3, 4.1–8.3, 19.1–32.4, 3.5–6.5 g/kg-fuel, respectively. NO emissions appear to be the biggest concern for emissions control. Furthermore, most of the emissions factors estimated from this study are significantly different from those in both National Guideline for Emission Inventory Development for Non-Road Equipment in China and well-developed emission factor models such as NONROAD by US EPA. This implies that localized, preferably fuel-based emission factors should be adjusted based on real-world emission measurements in order to develop a representative emission inventory for non-road equipment.     

关于浙江几个大城市SO2排放年总控制量的探讨

国家标准GB／T13201－91推荐基于单箱模型推导出来的A值法制定地方大气污染物排放总量标准,该文在放弃了控制区呈圆形的假设之后推导出可利用风向大气稳定度联合频率的更为详细的单箱模型,并用于计算杭州、宁波、温州、衢州的SO₂排放年总控制量,在温州和衢州得到不同于A值法的结果。      

Preparation and Validation of Gridded Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants and Identification of Emission Hotspots for Megacity Delhi

Delhi is one of the many megacities struggling with punishing levels of pollution from industrial, residential, and transportation sources. Over the years, pollution abatement in Delhi has become an important constituent of state policies. In the past one decade a lot of policies and regulations have been implemented which have had a noticeable effect on pollution levels. In this context, air quality models provide a powerful tool to study the impact of development plans on the expected air pollution levels and thus aid the regulating and planning authorities in decision-making process. In air quality modeling, emissions in the modeling domain at regular interval are one of the most important inputs. From the annual emission data of over a decade (1990–2000), emission inventory is prepared for the megacity Delhi. Four criteria pollutants namely, CO, SO₂, PM, and NO _x are considered and a gridded emission inventory over Delhi has been prepared taking into account land use pattern, population density, traffic density, industrial areas, etc. A top down approach is used for this purpose. Emission isopleths are drawn and annual emission patterns are discussed mainly for the years 1990, 1996 and 2000. Primary and secondary areas of emission hotspots are identified and emission variations discussed during the study period. Validation of estimated values is desired from the available data. There is a direct relationship of pollution levels and emission strength in a given area. Hence, an attempt has been made to validate the emission inventory for all criteria pollutants by analyzing emissions in various sampling zones with the ambient pollution levels. For validation purpose, the geographical region encompassing the study area (Delhi) has been divided into seven emission zones as per the air quality monitoring stations using Voronoi polygon concept. Dispersion modeling is also used for continuous elevated sources to have the contributing emissions at the ground level to facilitate validation. A good correlation between emission estimates and concentration has been found. Correlation coefficient of 0.82, 0.77, 0.58 and 0.68 for CO, SO₂, PM and NO _x respectively shows a reasonably satisfactory performance of the present estimates.     

Strategies for assessing and reducing inherent occupational health hazard and risk based on process information

Over the last few decades, the concept of inherent occupational health has gained increasing attention to reduce occupational hazards that may adversely impact workers’ health. In order to assess occupational hazards in the chemical process, different inherent occupational health assessment methods have been developed at the early stages of process development and design. The methods in the order of process information availability – ranging from the detailed piping and instrumentation diagrams to a simple sketch of process concepts are the: occupational health index (OHI), health quotient index (HQI) and inherent occupational health index (IOHI). This paper proposes systematic heuristic frameworks to assist process designers and engineers in assessing and reducing inherent occupational health hazards or risks based on process information availability. Strategies for reducing health hazards or risks in the OHI, HQI and IOHI methods based on inherently safer design (ISD) keywords of minimization, substitution, moderation and simplification are included in this study. It is worth mentioning that the proposed frameworks act as guidelines for design engineers in systematically selecting the appropriate index and methodology to assess and reduce health hazards/risks based on the availability of the process information. A case study is solved to illustrate the proposed framework.