Additivity of State Inventories of Greenhouse-Gas Emissions

In addition to national inventories of emissions of greenhouse gases, there are inventories for most, but not all, states constituting the United States. This paper analyzes the state inventories to see if reported emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are additive. Considerable reanalysis of the state inventories is required before they can be added to yield a larger-scale inventory. Some specific sources were considered by some states but not by others. Estimation techniques evolved over time as inventories were produced, and there are instances of both double-counting (two states reporting the same emission) and omission (neither state reporting the same emission), where interstate transfers of energy or materials occurred. Nevertheless, the inventories, when adjusted for obvious double-counting or omissions, are probably approximately additive, although it is difficult to quantify the extent to which this is true.     

Conflicting energy and environmental policies: The portsmouth oil refinery

This case study presents the series of decision-making processes surrounding a current environmental issue—the Portsmouth oil refinery in Virginia. Crude oil must be refined before it can be used as fuel. Additionally, some oil must be desulfurized for use other than as gasoline. In 1977, the nation imported about one million barrels of oil a day. Although the US Department of Energy has emphasized the critical need for greater east coast refinery capability, the east coast is to supply only 25% of its refined oil needs. In the same year, the east coast met its demands for petroleum products from three sources: (a) refinery production, 22.7%, (b) product imports, 28.0%, and (c) products from the Gulf Coast, 49.3%.¹ The energy program after the Arab oil embargo has an objective of encouraging the construction of oil refineries and petrochemical plants in the United States rather than abroad. The tariff is higher on imports of refined oil products than of crude oil, and new refineries are allowed to import a large proportion of their requirements tarifffree.The US federal government does not directly regulate the locations for oil refineries or methods of desulfurization. The oil import program, however, does influence decisions concerning location of desulfurization facilities and refineries, and air and water pollution standards affect methods of refining, besides making desulfurization necessary.The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of Defense.     

天津市人为源VOCs排放现状及控制对策研究

根据2010年天津市公布的各类排放源活动水平数据,采用排放因子法,估算天津市人为源挥发性有机物排放量。结果表明:天津市人为源VOCs排放量中工业源贡献率最大,其次是流动源,生活源和生物质燃烧源贡献较小。根据天津市人为源挥发性有机物排放现状,提出VOCs控制对策及建议,为大气环境治理提供参考价值。     

陕西省建设用地增长与碳排放变化的相关分析

通过分析2002~2011年间陕西省建设用地和碳排放的变化,基于LMDI模型分解方法,探讨了10年间建设用地变化对碳排放增长的影响。结果表明:研究时序内,陕西省建设用地和碳排放量均呈增长态势,建设用地年扩展率1.25%,碳排放年均增长8.84%,建设用地变化与碳排放量正向效应显著,建设用地对碳排放的贡献度为12.36%,对建设用地采取总量控制原则,能有效控制碳排放量,对陕西省实现"十二五"期间碳减排目标具有重大意义。     

腾冲北海湿地资源现状及其保护对策措施研究

研究了北海湿地的自然环境、生态功能、资源现状,分析了湿地资源减少与退化的主要原因,结合社会需要,提出了北海湿地生态保护对策与措施。     

Determination of time- and size-dependent fine particle emission with varied oil heating in an experimental kitchen

Particulate matter(PM) from cooking has caused seriously indoor air pollutant and aroused risk to human health.It is urged to get deep knowledge of their spatial-temporal distribution of source emission characteristics,especially ultrafine particles(UFP 100 nm) and accumulation mode particles(AMP 100-555 nm).Four commercial cooking oils are auto dipped water to simulate cooking fume under heating to 255℃ to investigate PM emission and decay features between 0.03 and 10 μm size dimension by electrical low pressure impactor(ELPI) without ventilation.Rapeseed and sunflower produced high PM_(2.5) around5.1 mg/m~3,in comparison with those of soybean and corn(5.87 and 4.55 mg/m~3,respectively)at peak emission time between 340 and 450 sec since heating oil,but with the same level of particle numbers 6-9 × 10~5/cm~3.Mean values of PM_(1.0)/PM_(2.5) and PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) at peak emission time are around 0.51-0.55 and 0.23-0.29.After 15 min naturally deposition,decay rates of PM_(1.0),PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) are 13.3%-29.8%,20.1%-33.9%and 41.2%-54.7%,which manifest that PM_(1.0) is quite hard to decay than larger particles,PM_(2.5) and PM_(1.0).The majority of the particle emission locates at 43 nm with the largest decay rate at 75%,and shifts to a larger size between137 and 555 nm after 15 min decay.The decay rates of the particles are sensitive to the oil type.     

Local PM10 and PM2.5 emission inventories from agricultural tillage and harvest in northeastern China

Mineral particles or particulate matters(PMs) emitted during agricultural activities are major recurring sources of atmospheric aerosol loading.However,precise PM inventory from agricultural tillage and harvest in agricultural regions is challenged by infrequent local emission factor(EF) measurements.To understand PM emissions from these practices in northeastern China,we measured EFs of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) from three field operations(i.e.,tilling,planting and harvesting) in major crop production(i.e.,corn and soybean),using portable real-time PM analyzers and weather station data.County-level PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from agricultural tillage and harvest were estimated,based on local EFs,crop areas and crop calendars.The EFs averaged(107 ± 27),(17 ± 5) and 26 mg/m~2 for field tilling,planting and harvesting under relatively dry conditions(i.e.,soil moisture 15%),respectively.The EFs of PM from field tillage and planting operations were negatively affected by topsoil moisture.The magnitude of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) emissions from these three activities were estimated to be 35.1 and 9.8 kilotons/yr in northeastern China,respectively,of which Heilongjiang Province accounted for approximately45%.Spatiotemporal distribution showed that most PM_(10) emission occurred in April,May and October and were concentrated in the central regions of the northeastern plain,which is dominated by dryland crops.Further work is needed to estimate the contribution of agricultural dust emissions to regional air quality in northeastern China.     

Importance of indirect nitrous oxide emissions at the field, farm and catchment scale

Direct and indirect nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions and leaching losses from an intensively managed grazed pasture in the Ythan catchment, Aberdeenshire, UK, were measured and compared over a 17-month period. Simultaneous measurements of farm-wide leaching losses of N₂O were also made and catchment-wide fluxes were estimated from existing N leaching data. The relative importance of direct and indirect N₂O fluxes at the field, farm and catchment scale was then assessed. At the field scale we found that direct N₂O emissions were low (1.2 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, 0.6% of N input) with indirect N₂O emissions via drainage waters comprising a significant proportion (25%) of total N₂O emissions. At the whole-farm scale, the N₂O-N emission factor (0.003) for leached NO₃-N (EF_5-g) was in line with the IPCC's recent downward revision. At the catchment scale, a direct N₂O flux of 1.9 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and an indirect flux of 0.06 kg N₂O-N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ were estimated. This study lends further support to the recent downward revision of the IPCC emission factor for N₂O arising from leached N in surface and ground waters (EF_5-g) and highlights the need for multiple point sampling to ensure that the importance of indirect N₂O losses via drainage waters is not misrepresented at the farm and catchment scales.     

排放绩效法用于沈阳市燃煤电厂二氧化硫总量控制目标研究

介绍排放绩效法在火电企业二氧化硫指标控制方面的应用,根据沈阳市"十一五"二氧化硫总量控制要求制定了排放绩效标准,并利用绩效法对各燃煤电厂二氧化硫总量控制指标进行了测算,提出了总量分配方法。     

关于利用排污权交易控制污染物排放的可行性研究

随着市场经济在我国的建立和完善,经济手段也日益广泛地被用于环境保护领域。排污权交易制度作为法律化的经济制度在中国不仅有实施的必要性,而且已经具备相应的实施基础,在对排污权交易的作用意义及前提条件进行调研分析的基础上,结合嘉兴市南湖区实际,对嘉兴市南湖区利用排污权交易来控制污染物排放实现减排的可行性作了研究并提出相应的对策措施。