滇池流域高分辨率氮、磷排放清单

氮、磷富集是我国浅水湖泊水质恶化和水生态退化的关键原因之一,但以往流域尺度氮、磷排放清单不足以精确识别排放的空间异质性和满足地表过程数值模拟的分辨率要求.为了提高控源减排措施的针对性,以滇池流域为例建立其高分辨率氮、磷排放清单.通过现场调查、采样观测与资料收集,确定各污染源的活动水平和修正排放因子,基于GIS平台核算企业源(工业、第三产业)、生活源(城镇、农村)、城市源(暴雨径流)、农业源(种植业)等7种点源和非点污染源在110个子流域的氮、磷排放量(平均分辨率约5 km×5 km).主要结论包括:①2008年滇池流域氮、磷排放总量分别为10736 t和542 t,且以城镇生活点源为主,占72.7％和42.8％;②氮、磷排放空间异质性十分明显,子流域氮、磷排放总量分别为(97.6±291.7)t(1个标准方差)和(4.93±11.8)t,其中全流域70％的氮、磷排放量仅集中在占流域面积16.2％的10个子流域和37.9％的21个子流域,而排放量最大的是盘龙江上游(氮、磷分别占21.9％和20.2％);③各污染源的排放格局异质性也大,对于氮而言,除了滇池北岸城区和沿流域边界的外围子流域以城镇生活和种植业为最大污染源,东、南、西岸湖盆区大部分则以其他污染源为主;相比而言,磷排放的各子流域最大污染源差异性更大;④通过与传统分辨率结果的比较,高分辨率排放清单能够更为准确甄别排放格局异质性、污染类型等信息,更加有利于明确控源减排的措施、布局和规模.     

Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes

A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM_2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO₃^? emissions, but increased 104% SO₄^2? and 36% NH₄⁺ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM_2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH₄NO₃ particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH₄⁺ (eg. NH₄Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM_2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.