Institutional, Legal, and Economic Instruments in Ghana's Environmental Policy

The environmental situation in Ghana is characterized by desertification, land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and inadequate water supply in the northern regions of the country. The population as a whole is growing at a rate of 3% per annum, with even greater urban growth rates, due to rural out-migration. Large parts of the coastal zone in the south are rapidly developing to become one large suburbanized area. Water quality is particularly threatened in the urban and industrialized areas, which are mainly located in the southern part of the country. The coastal lagoons and coastal waters are moderately to heavily polluted. Erosion extends along the whole Ghanaian coast with excesses, for example, in the Keta area, where during the last century over 90% of the original buildings have been washed awayby the sea. The obvious environmental consequences of the mining sector are illustrative of the environmental threats caused by a fast growing industry and industrializing agriculture, in a country where environmental policy is only in its formative years. Desertification, food insecurity and coastal erosion all contribute to an increasing number of environmental refugees. Environmental policy in Ghana is a post-Rio phenomenon. Environmental laws, a Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, an advisory National Committee for the Implementation of Agenda 21, and a fully mandated environmental administration have been established. This administration advocates a progressive attitude towards environmental legislation and points out the specific utility of economic and legal instruments in environmental management in this relatively fast developing country. The choice of instruments for environmental management is increasingly influenced by the specific state of African environmental and technological capacity and by a call for the recognition of the role of traditional customs in nature conservation. This African perspective on environmental management is further intensified by an unmet need for regional, transboundary cooperation in the West African subcontinent. This specific West African context calls for an elaboration of an effective capacity-building program for environmental management in the area.     

滇池水体和沉积物中营养盐的分布特征

在滇池外海不同方位选取6个采样点,研究了水质现状,沉积物Eh,pH,总氮,总磷以及间隙水重金属的剖面分布特征。结果表明,滇池水体仍属富营养化状态。在氧化表层下,Eh随沉积深度的增加迅速降低,沉积物深层为还原状态。pH在沉积物剖面变化不大,为7 0～8 5。滇池沉积物含有丰富的营养物质,总氮和总磷最高质量分数分别为8 67和3 46g kg。剖面分布表明,沉积物表层总氮和总磷含量远高于底层,在表层0～10cm含量随深度增加而迅速降低。重金属元素在水-土界面的浓度梯度为沉积物向水体的扩散提供了条件。不同采样点相比,位于昆明市附近的S6点沉积物内负荷较大。在外源减少的情况下,沉积物内负荷可能在一定时间内成为控制滇池水质的主导因子。      

全球低碳减排的合作竞争及其博弈格局分析

在全球围绕"低碳"减排博弈的背景下,从合作竞争的角度,分析国际低碳减排过程中的多个缔约国家之间的合作竞争行为及其动态平衡过程。重点用博弈论的相关原理对国际低碳减排市场背后的多个利益群体做一个全局性的分析,对全球低碳减排过程中的一些利益争夺现象进行解释,试图揭露出全球低碳减排博弈背后各个利益群体的谋划与动机;最后提醒中国在下一轮的低碳减排博弈过程中要有所准备。     

《恶臭污染物排放标准》修订的若干意见

从实际的恶臭监测分析出发,结合执行《恶臭污染物排放标准》过程中的各种体会,从标准的适用范围、浓度排放限值以及采样环节等三个方面,对《恶臭污染物排放标准》的修订提出了若干意见.建议对排放标准的适用范围进行调整,增加行业排放标准,对有组织排放增加浓度排放限值规定,对采样气象条件、采样点位、采样频率进行明确,并引入背景值或本底值的测量,对测量结果进行修正.     

江苏省胶合板行业甲醛污染特征及排放系数

以年产量超过10 000 m3的生产企业为研究对象,采用现场调研与采样检测相结合的方法,分析江苏省胶合板行业甲醛污染特征和排放系数。筛选60家典型企业,计算其甲醛排放系数R值（甲醛/胶粘剂）和K值（甲醛/产值）两个指标,结果表明,该省胶合板企业R均值为0.001 65 kg/kg,K均值为0.46 kg/万元。使用酚醛树脂胶的胶合板经济附加值最高,且对大气环境更友好,脲醛树脂胶的甲醛排放系数最高,应逐步减少使用。     

云南省城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放特征

根据《IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和《省级温室气体清单编制指南》方法,建立2018年云南省16个州(市)城市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放清单,包括生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理过程,并分析了温室气体排放的时间分布、空间分布和影响因素等。结果表明;(1)2018年云南省生活垃圾处理温室气体总排放量为536万t CO_2当量,各州(市)间排放量差异明显,滇中经济发达地区和滇东北人口密度较高地区排放量明显高于滇西北地区。(2)2005—2018年,云南省生活垃圾处理排放的温室气体量增长了191.3%,温室气体排放组成发生明显变化,CH4比重不断下降,CO_2比重不断增加。(3)城镇人口数量、生活垃圾处理量、经济发展水平与温室气体排放量显著相关,其中人口数量更为明显。     

储罐长周期腐蚀声发射监测试验

对一放置2年时间的储罐试验模型进行长周期的声发射腐蚀监测,通过研究其在稳定腐蚀状态下的声发射信号特征,分析其腐蚀的机理和信号产生的原因,形成对储罐腐蚀更深入的认识。文章还对稳定腐蚀状态下的储罐声发射特征参数进行统计分析,为后续的储罐在线声发射检测评价打下数据基础。     

Prices vs quantities with multiple pollutants

We examine the choice of policy instruments (price, quantity or a mix of the two) when two pollutants are regulated and firms' abatement costs are private information. Whether abatement efforts are complements or substitutes is key determining the choice of policies. When pollutants are complements, a mixed policy instrument with a tax on one pollutant and a quota on another is sometimes preferable even if the pollutants are identical in terms of benefits and costs of abatement. Yet, if they are substitutes, the mixed policy is dominated by taxes or quotas.     

黄土高原典型土壤剖面有机碳物理组分分布特征

为阐明黄土高原典型区域土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)含量随土壤类型、土层和土地利用方式的变化规律,分析了从北向南依次分布的干润砂质新成土(神木)、黄土正常新成土(延安)和土垫旱耕人为土(杨凌)等典型土壤剖面(0~200 cm)LFOC和HFOC含量及分布特征。结果表明,从南到北,土壤LFOC和HFOC含量均显著下降 (P<0.05),整体来看,黄土高原典型区域土壤LFOC含量占有机碳比例偏低;LFOC含量及在土壤有机碳中的分配比例随土层加深而递减,其比例变化范围为1%~26%;土地利用方式对浅层土壤LFOC和HFOC含量影响较为显著,草地土壤0~60 cm土层LFOC和HFOC含量均高于同层次农田土壤(P<0.05),60 cm土层以下差异不显著;土壤LFOC和HFOC含量与微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),前者的相关性系数更高,分别为0.841和0.507,表明土壤LFOC与微生物关系非常密切,是土壤微生物重要的碳和能量来源,极易受土地利用方式和微生物活性影响,同时表明用LFOC的变化更能快速有效地说明土壤碳库的变化规律。     

锌冶炼废渣重金属在地块土壤中的垂向迁移特征及归趋

为探讨冶炼废渣中重金属对土壤及地下水的影响,开展了90 d持续和间歇淋溶下锌挥发窑渣浸出液中重金属在场地剖面土柱的迁移模拟实验,分析淋出液Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn浓度及其在土壤剖面的累积、赋存形态和粒径分布特征,并探讨重金属在土壤剖面滞留机制.结果表明,土柱淋出液重金属浓度在淋溶初期达到峰值后迅速降低,Cd浓度超过《地下水环境质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅳ类水质限值(0.1 mg·L^-1),地下水存在Cd污染风险.剖面土壤对废渣中重金属固持量大,Cd、 Cu、 Pb和Zn主要累积在浅层土壤(0～10 cm),分别为淋溶前土壤的237～429、 1.25～16.2、 1.38～2.31和1.79～3.17倍;持续淋溶下废渣重金属较间歇淋溶的迁移距离较长,Cd在土柱深层有明显累积.土壤粗颗粒(0.5～2.0 mm)对Cd、 Cu和Zn累积总量的贡献率较大,而Pb更易累积在<0.25 mm粒径.BCR顺序提取结果显示,浅层土壤累积的Cd、 Cu和Zn主要以弱酸提取态为主,占比分别高达62.4%～76.7%、 72.0%～95.8%和67.6%～8...