北京市大气中VOCs垂直分布的航测研究

2007年8月在北京市地表水平及地表以上900~3100m采集全空气样品,并用气相色谱(GC-FID)-质谱(MS)对样品中的50种挥发性有机物(VOCs)组分进行了定量分析,研究了北京市大气VOCs的垂直分布特征,并识别了当地排放与周边地区的输送作用对大气VOCs的相对贡献.结果表明,随着高度的增加,各类VOCs浓度均呈现显著降低的趋势,不同物种浓度的垂直梯度与其大气化学活性直接相关.此外,湍流扩散和输送作用也会影响VOCs浓度的垂直梯度.通过对观测期间北京市上空气团反向轨迹的反演以及对惰性VOCs物种的垂直贡献的分析发现,北京市低对流层内大气VOCs受局地源排放主导,亦可能受到天津以及河北廊坊等污染地区的影响.     

聚氨酯合成革厂空气中挥发性有机物的成分谱

采用吸附管采样和二次热解吸-GC-MSD联用技术研究了珠江三角洲地区3个典型聚氨酯(PU)合成革厂不同车间空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的含量和成分谱.结果表明,主要检出卤代烃、氯苯类、芳香烃类、酯类、酰胺类和酮类等6类共15种VOCs化合物,其中生产车间VOCs总浓度高达(15.300±0.964)mg/m3,而半成品车间、树脂原料车间和厂边界分别为(12.047±0.977)mg/m3,(1.912±1.281)mg/m3, (1.980±0.522)mg/m3;生产车间和半成品车间的VOCs特征轮廓图谱较相似,特征化合物均为甲苯、乙酸乙酯和2-丁酮;而树脂原料车间的特征化合物为甲苯、苯和苯乙烯.源成分谱研究得出该类污染源排放的VOCs分子标志物为乙酸乙酯,其百分比含量最高,达到36.32%± 16.62%.     

上海市滨岸带沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物垂直分布及空间变化特征

对上海市滨岸带(北起浏河口,南至杭州湾的金丝娘桥)18个柱状沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)质量分数及其垂直分布特征进行了研究. 结果表明:沉积物中w(AVS)为0.38～317.60 mg/kg,底层沉积物中w(AVS)平均值最高,是表层和中层的2倍左右. 各采样点沉积物中底层w(AVS)空间变化差异最大,表层w(AVS)变化较小. 人类活动干扰(滨岸带围垦、工业排污和生活排污和畜禽养殖等)显著改变了潮滩原有的自然环境特征〔w(有机碳)、含水率、粒度组成以及氧化还原电位等〕,可能成为控制上海市滨岸带沉积物中w(AVS)空间变化差异的决定性因素.      

餐厨垃圾厌氧处置的恶臭污染物分析

为研究餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化过程中的恶臭污染物排放特征,采用冷阱富集-GC/MS技术对宁波市某典型餐厨垃圾处置企业的恶臭污染物成分、含量及成分谱进行研究,共检出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃、卤代烃、含氧有机物、硫化物及氨等7类物质,其中含氧有机物是主要成分。检测结果表明,恶臭污染物总浓度水平为高温灭菌装置油水分离装置厌氧发酵装置分选装置卸料区,高温灭菌装置、分选装置、油水分离装置、厌氧发酵装置的臭气浓度值较高。结合数据分析初步筛选各单元的特征污染物:卸料区、分选装置:乙醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、氨、柠檬烯;高温灭菌和油水分离装置:乙醇、甲硫醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、柠檬烯;厌氧发酵装置:乙醇、硫化氢、二甲二硫醚、对-二乙苯、柠檬烯。     

碱水残渣等工业“三废”调剖可行性研究

从加大中原油田调剖措施工作力度的必要性、紧迫性出发。通过利用室内实验前后岩心渗透率、铸体图象、压汞参数、扫描电镜孔隙变化等实验分析结果,研究了利用碱水残渣、废纸浆、锯木灰等工业“三废”调剖的可行性,及其在中原油田水井调剖中的适用性。结合目前注水冲刷地层孔隙结构变化的特点,还提出配套改进办法和扩大推广应用规模的建议。     

Comments on “turbulent velocity profile in fully-developed open channel flows”

In a recent paper published in this journal, Bonakdari et al. (Environ Fluid Mech 8:1–17, 2008) presented a new formulation of the vertical velocity profile in the central portion of steady fully developed turbulent open-channel flows which is based on an analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations. The predicted mean streamwise velocity profiles presented by the authors represent dip phenomenon (maximum velocity below the free surface). The discusser would like to point out some contradictions and an error in the main demonstration. This error appears in the right-hand side term of the main Eq. 22 (Environ Fluid Mech 8:1–17, 2008) in the parameter α. Our corrected demonstration shows that α is equal to and not to as obtained by the authors (Environ Fluid Mech 8:1–17, 2008). The values of α used by the authors are under-estimated by 1, this difference has a significant effect on velocities and therefore will involve a difference between measured and predicted velocity profiles. Finally, the assumption of at the free surface is in contradiction with predicted velocity profiles.     

长江经济带碳排放现状及未来碳减排

长江经济带是我国"三大支撑带"之一,其碳减排目标实现对我国生态文明建设具有重要意义。采用2005~2013年长江经济带(含9省2市)的能源消耗与经济社会数据,通过数理统计,得出各地历年碳排放量、人均碳排放、能源强度、产业结构多元水平的具体数值及变化率,结合运用弹性计算和矩阵分类法,发现长江经济带碳排放存在空间与结构差异。研究结果显示:(1)长江经济带碳排放及增长率、人均碳排放及增长率、能源强度都高于全国平均水平,能源强度下降率低于全国平均水平;把长江经济带分为东中西三段区域,碳排放总量、人均碳排放及能源强度下降率梯度下降,碳排放增长率、人均碳排放增长率、能源强度梯度上升。(2)工业化开始越早、重工业化主导向生产性服务业主导转变越快、越充分地区,经济低碳化水平越高;通过提升产业结构多元化速度有利于碳减排。(3)长江经济带各地实现碳减排措施应有不同,东段地区应着重降低人均碳排放,中西段地区应着重于降低能源强度。(4)未来碳减排应兼顾公平与效率,各地区碳减排目标分配应结合各地支付能力、碳汇能力、生产效率、能源结构等因素来安排。     

青藏高原东缘的隆升及其水系的响应

本文基于ASTER GDEM数据,采用简单数学函数拟合龙门山地区15条河流的河流纵剖面形态,并结合基岩水力侵蚀模型来分析龙门山不同段落的地形形态特征。初步获得以下几点认识:(1)通过对龙门山地区河流纵剖面的分析,龙门山整体上具有较强的隆升速率,导致这一地区强烈的河流侵蚀作用;(2)龙门山中段和南段的河流双对数图以上凸型为主,说明该区域未达到均衡状态,处于前均衡期;(3)龙门山北段的河流双对数图呈直线形态,说明该区域达到均衡状态,处于均衡期;(4)龙门山中段和南段具有更强的构造活动性、更高的隆升速率,控制了该地区地貌、水系演化过程,并且导致这一地区容易发生地质灾害。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from an intensively managed greenhouse vegetable cropping system in Northern China

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a typical greenhouse vegetable system in Northern China were measured from February 2004 to January 2006 using a close chamber method. Four nitrogen management levels (NN, MN, CN, and SN) were used. N₂O emissions occurred intermittently in the growing season, strongly correlating with N fertilization and irrigation. No peak emissions were observed after fertilization in the late Autumn season due to low soil temperature. 57-94% of the seasonal N₂O emissions came from the initial growth stage, corresponding to the rewetting process in the soil. The annual N₂O emissions ranged from 2.6 to 8.8 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, accounting for 0.27-0.30% of the annual nitrogen input. Compared with conventional N management, site-specific N management reduced N fertilization rate by 69% in 2004 and by 76% in 2005, and consequently reduced N₂O emissions by 51% in 2004 and 27% in 2005, respectively.     

Determining floodplain sedimentation rates using Cs in a low fallout environment dominated by channel- and cultivation-derived sediment inputs, central Queensland, Australia

Fallout ¹³⁷Cs has been widely used to determine floodplain sedimentation rates in temperate environments, particularly in the northern hemisphere. Its application in low fallout, tropical environments in the southern hemisphere has been limited. In this study we assess the utility of ¹³⁷Cs for determining rates of floodplain sedimentation in a dry-tropical catchment in central Queensland, Australia. Floodplain and reference site cores were analysed in two centimetre increments, depth profiles were produced and total ¹³⁷Cs inventories calculated from the detailed profile data. Information on the rates of ¹³⁷Cs migration through local soils was obtained from the reference site soil cores. This data was used in an advection–diffusion model to account of ¹³⁷Cs mobility in floodplain sediment cores. This allowed sedimentation rates to be determined without the first year of detection for ¹³⁷Cs being known and without having to assume that ¹³⁷Cs remains immobile following deposition. Caesium-137 depth profiles in this environment are demonstrated to be an effective way of determining floodplain sedimentation rates. The total ¹³⁷Cs inventory approach was found to be less successful, with only one of the three sites analysed being in unequivocal agreement with the depth profile results. The input of sediment from catchment sources that have little, or no, ¹³⁷Cs attached results in true depositional sites having total inventories that are not significantly different from those of undisturbed reference sites.