Emission of particulate and gaseous pollutants from household laser processing machine

Indoor air quality (IAQ) directly affects the health of occupants. Household manufacturing equipment (HME) used for hobbies or educational purposes is a new and unexplored source of air pollution. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of particulate and gaseous pollutants produced by a household laser processing equipment (HLPE). Various target materials were tested using a commercial HLPE under various operating conditions of laser power and sheath air flow rate. The mode diameters of the emitted particles gradually decreased as laser power increased, while the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle emission rate (PER) increased. In addition, as the sheath air flow rate quadrupled from 10 to 40 L/min, the mode diameter of the emitted particles decreased by nearly 25%, but the effect on the PNC was insignificant. When the laser induced the target materials at 53 mW, the mode diameters of particles were <150 nm, and PNCs were >2.0 × 10⁴ particles/cm³. Particularly, analyses of sampled aerosols indicated that harmful substances such as sulfur and barium were present in particles emitted from leather. The carcinogenic gaseous pollutants such as acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, and C₈ aromatics (ethylbenzene) were emitted from all target materials. In an actual indoor environment, the PNC of inhalable ultrafine particles (UFPs) was >5 × 10⁴ particles/cm³ during 30 min of HLPE operation. Our results suggest that more meticulous control methods are needed, including the use of less harmful target materials along with filters or adsorbents that prevent emission of pollutants.     

基于无人机平台的黑炭垂直变化监测

目的获取对流层内黑炭的垂直分布规律和输送来源。方法在2014年夏天和2015年冬天,通过无人机平台搭载便携式设备来监测临安市高空1000 m内黑炭的垂直变化情况。经过2天的试验,总共成功采集了8次试验数据,为了减少统计误差,取300～1000 m内每隔100 m高度层所测得数据的平均值进行分析。结果地面试验结果表明,上午冬季黑炭的质量浓度几乎是夏季的3倍,但是下午冬季黑炭的质量浓度却略低于夏季。无人机试验结果表明,总体上,日变化情况中,夏季黑炭质量浓度逐渐增加,而冬季黑炭质量浓度逐渐减少。不管是夏季还是冬季,上午黑炭的质量浓度随着高度增加而下降,且降幅较大,冬季上午黑炭的质量浓度要远高于夏季上午,但下午黑炭的质量浓度相似。48h后向轨迹结果表明,夏季300m和1000 m处气团来源于上海,且输送轨迹都在长三角区域,输送距离在200 km以内;冬季300 m和1000 m处气团来源于北方地区,且输送距离都在1000 km以上。结论通过个例分析,结果表明,冬季早晨黑炭的质量浓度较高,夏季污染物主要来源于近距离输送,但是冬季污染物主要来源于远距离输送。     

典型树种挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放成分谱及排放特征

为研究典型树种的挥发性有机物（VOCs）排放特征,并获得基础排放速率,应用动态封闭式采样系统对毛果杨、北美枫香和马尾松的排放进行了实验室测量.利用热脱附-气相色谱-飞行质谱仪对排放样品进行定性和定量分析,包括异戊二烯、单萜烯、倍半萜烯、烷烃和烯烃,计算获得各树种VOCs排放速率及其排放谱特征.研究表明：毛果杨、北美枫香和马尾松的总VOCs排放速率分别为19.51、17.19和0.67μg/（g·h）.毛果杨的异戊二烯排放最高（18.51μg/（g·h））,占其总排放的94.86%;马尾松排放的异戊二烯仅占4.03%,单萜烯贡献最高,为49.09%;北美枫香的单萜烯排放速率最高,为0.84μg/（g·h）;3个树种排放的倍半萜烯占各自VOCs总排放的比重均较小（<1.5%）;各树种的烷烃排放强度高于倍半萜烯,部分化合物甚至高于异戊二烯和单萜烯的排放强度.反式-β-罗勒烯是毛果杨排放最多的单萜烯化合物,占其单萜烯总排放的99.84%;北美枫香排放的单萜烯主要以香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主;马尾松以α-蒎烯、香桧烯和β-蒎烯为主.石竹烯、葎草烯、δ-杜松烯和β-愈创木烯是主要的倍半萜烯物种.烷烃排放主要为C4和C5的化合物,特别是异丁烷和正丁烷;各树种排放的烯烃中,1-丁烯排放占比最高.     

内蒙古能源结构调整的CO_2减排成本初探

在全球气候变化问题不断升温的大背景下,低碳经济的概念频繁见诸报端。节能减排是内蒙古发展低碳经济的必由之路。优化能源结构,合理布局区域经济,是内蒙古实现节能减排,并保持经济快速发展的重要内容。因而,研究内蒙古能源结构调整引起的CO2减排成本变化非常有意义。     

典型土壤和沉积物中多金属形态分布特征

土壤和沉积物作为地表矿物岩石风化过程的重要产物,对金属元素的地球化学循环起着至关重要的作用。由于土壤和沉积物记录了矿物溶解、吸附、沉淀及生物吸收等综合地质过程的叠加作用,如何准确判定某个单一过程对金属地球化学的影响和贡献仍是当前研究难题。土壤和沉积物中金属的形态分布特征研究可帮助判定元素在地表风化过程中经历的特定过程。本文选择我国广泛分布的五种典型土壤类型(砖红壤、黄棕壤、棕壤、红壤、水稻土)、一种水系沉积物和一个玄武岩自然风化剖面土壤样品,运用改进的BCR形态提取法开展典型金属形态分布特征研究,明确了具有潜在生理毒性的Cr和Pb、代表性过渡金属Ni、Cu、Zn、V、Co以及相关研究较少的碱金属Cs、碱土金属Sr和难溶元素Zr在不同土壤、沉积物中的分布特征,刻画了这些金属在典型砖红壤风化剖面上的连续变化规律,初步判定了不同地质环境金属形态分布不同的控制因素。V、Zr和Sr受自身性质控制,在不同的地质样品中都表现出相似的形态分布,均以残渣态为主,而其他金属则表现出不同的形态分布趋势,其中,Ni、Zn、Cs、Pb和Cu的形态分布受它们的理化特性和外部环境共同影响,Co形态则可能受到锰矿物、TOC含量的影响。研究结果为进一步认识流域金属地球化学行为及其环境效应提供了基础数据。     

基于无人机观测研究杭州湾化工园区近地面层臭氧垂直廓线

为了解化工园区大气污染情况,使用自主研制的微型大气检测仪结合无人机研究化工园区臭氧(O₃)垂直廓线,在2020年8月~2021年1月于杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区开展了12d无人机外场观测实验.各观测日从08:00~18:00每隔1h进行一次飞行观测,每次观测分别获得了离地面0,50,100,200,300,400,500m的O₃、总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)和二氧化氮(NO₂)浓度.结果表明:受气象因素、地面工厂排放以及早晚出行高峰的影响,TVOCs和NO₂浓度整体随高度增加而下降,其中NO₂浓度随高度上升而下降的幅度较明显,在0m处浓度为19.7~59.1μg/m³,500m处为5.9~21.7μg/m³,下降率为40~70%,TVOCs和NO₂浓度都呈现出早晚高、正午低的日变化趋势,此外可能受逆温层的影响导致个别天数NO₂浓度在400~500m不降反升;O₃受前体物光化学反应、太阳辐射强度及平流层输送的影响,其浓度随高度增加而下降,平均浓度在0m处为49.2μg/m³,500m处为98.4μg/m³,O₃日变化浓度在15:00~17:00达到峰值.TVOCs和O₃、NO₂和O₃在各高度浓度均呈负相关,受不同季节气象因素差异和冬季取暖排放增加的影响,O₃浓度季节变化为夏>秋>冬,TVOCs和NO₂浓度为冬季>秋季>夏季.后向轨迹聚类分析表明化工园区本地O₃浓度会受区域输送影响升高,在冬季时由于气温低不利于前体物生成O₃,本地O₃浓度受区域输送影响较夏季小.     

A meteorologically adjusted ensemble Kalman filter approach for inversing daily emissions: A case study in the Pearl River Delta, China

The conventional Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), which is now widely used to calibrate emission inventories and to improve air quality simulations, is susceptible to simulation errors of meteorological inputs, making accurate updates of high temporal-resolution emission inventories challenging. In this study, we developed a novel meteorologically adjusted inversion method (MAEInv) based on the EnKF to improve daily emission estimations. The new method combines sensitivity analysis and bias correction to alleviate the inversion biases caused by errors of meteorological inputs. For demonstration, we used the MAEInv to inverse daily carbon monoxide (CO) emissions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. In the case study, 60% of the total CO simulation biases were associated with sensitive meteorological inputs, which would lead to the overestimation of daily variations of posterior emissions. Using the new inversion method, daily variations of emissions shrank dramatically, with the percentage change decreased by 30%. Also, the total amount of posterior CO emissions estimated by the MAEInv decreased by 14%, indicating that posterior CO emissions might be overestimated using the conventional EnKF. Model evaluations using independent observations revealed that daily CO emissions estimated by MAEInv better reproduce the magnitude and temporal patterns of ambient CO concentration, with a higher correlation coefficient (R, +37.0%) and lower normalized mean bias (NMB, -17.9%). Since errors of meteorological inputs are major sources of simulation biases for both low-reactive and reactive pollutants, the MAEInv is also applicable to improve the daily emission inversions of reactive pollutants.     

Health risk assessment of emissions from a coal-fired power plant using AERMOD modelling

Current electricity generation mix in Malaysia consists of 58% gas, 33% coal and 9% hydro. It is anticipated that by year 2019, the generation mix will be at 64% coal, 32% gas and 4% hydro. Due to the increase in coal consumption for power generation, there is a critical need to evaluate the health risks for the population living in the vicinity of a coal-fired power plant in Malaysia. To date, such study related to the plant in Malaysia has never been published. In this study, health risk assessment (HRA) for air emission from a coal-fired power plant in Malaysia was carried out. Two pollutants from the Proposed New Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 201X (Draft) (i.e. SO₂ and Hg) were assessed for non-carcinogenic health risk, and two trace elements (i.e. As and Cr) were assessed for carcinogenic health risk. Both short-term and long-term health effects were evaluated. Air dispersion modelling (AERMOD) was used to predict the ground level concentration (GLC) within 10 km radius of the emission source. Based on the HRA, different health risks were identified for short-term and long-term dispersion of the studied pollutants. The findings indicate that a detailed assessment on the short-term and long-term health effects of the emissions from coal-fired power plant in Malaysia with meteorological factor as one of the significant factors influencing the emissions level is needed.     

石油炼化行业恶臭气体成分谱研究

为研究石油炼化行业恶臭污染排放现状,采用冷阱富集-GC/MS技术研究了天津一家典型石油炼化企业不同处理单元空气中臭气的组成、主要组分含量及成分谱.在所采集的样品中,定性分析共检测到140种有机化合物,主要包括硫化物、烷烃、烯烃、卤代烃、苯系物和含氧有机物六大类物质.定量检测结果表明,主要处理单元恶臭污染物浓度总体水平由高至低表现为气分处理装置>污油罐处理装置>汽柴油处理装置.结合数据分析,初步识别了石油炼化厂主要处理单元的特征污染物,气分处理装置有丙酮、2-丁烯、丁烷、乙硫醇、甲硫醚和甲硫醇,汽柴油处理装置有丙酮、丙烯、异丁烷、正戊烷和对二乙苯,污油罐处理装置有1-丁烯、2-丁烯、1-戊烯、丙酮、丙烯和乙硫醇.      

北京典型土壤剖面含氧非烃化合物分布及成因

根据对北京地区6个典型采样点土壤样品的试验分析结果,探讨了含氧非烃化合物的含量、组成及其在采样点剖面上的分布特征,并对其污染源进行了讨论. 结果表明,检测到的含氧非烃化合物主要包括C₆~C₂₈正构烷酸类、C₁₂~C₂₈正构烷醇类、正构烷酸甲酯类、酞酸酯类、甾醇类和脱氢松香酸等. 含氧非烃化合物总质量分数及各类化合物的质量分数均有随深度增大而降低的趋势,其中0~40cm含氧非烃化合物总质量分数(4.539~60.689μg/g)较高且变化明显,深度大于40cm的土壤中降至<9.000 μg/g且均趋于稳定. 各采样点含氧非烃化合物的总质量分数纵向变化特征与w(TOC)的变化趋势基本一致,表明w(TOC)是控制土壤中含氧非烃化合物分布的重要因素. 不同采样点正构烷酸类化合物都以C₁₆为主峰碳,次主峰碳为C₁₈,除个别采样点表层土壤中高碳数正构烷酸存在较明显奇偶优势外,中低碳数正构烷酸偶碳优势不明显,推测其主要来源于化石燃料或原土中的有机质,部分高分子量正构烷酸来源于生物质;正构烷醇类以C₂₂为主峰碳,并具有明显的偶碳优势,主要来源于植物或者微生物源等天然源;酞酸酯中DBP(邻苯二甲酸二丁基酯)、DEHP〔邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯〕和DIBP(邻苯二甲酸二异丁基酯)质量分数较高,其来源与这些化合物的人为使用有关;甾醇类以β-谷甾醇占优势,并且大部分集中在表层,主要为生物源.