深圳市土壤重金属背景含量垂向分布与理化特征

为摸清深圳市6种常规重金属(Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni)在不同剖面层次的背景含量及垂向分布规律,探究土壤剖面重金属背景含量与理化参数的关系,在全市基本生态控制线区域布设土壤典型剖面样点50个,每个点位按A、B、C3层采集土壤样品共150个.结果表明,土壤剖面不同采样层次重金属背景含量存在显著差异,随着深度增加,Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni的背景含量呈现逐渐增加的规律,Cd和Hg的背景含量呈现先减少后增加的趋势.深圳市土壤剖面中6种重金属的背景含量相对较低,整体上略低于“七五”全国土壤环境背景值.土壤剖面理化参数存在典型的南方土壤特性,土壤pH值呈酸性,随着深度增加,土壤容重、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃含量逐渐增加,而有机质、CaO含量呈逐渐下降趋势,离子交换量呈先增加后减少趋势;土壤机械组成特征为砂粒最多、粉粒次之、粘粒最少.将土壤剖面重金属背景含量与理化参数进行相关性分析,发现Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃和土壤机械组成...     

苏州河网区河道上覆水与底泥中氮素形态分布特征

以苏州河网区河道为研究对象,分布式采集10个采样点,分析水质状况和底泥中氮素形态与含量及其剖面分布,以探讨上覆水和底泥中各形态氮的相关性. 结果表明:上覆水中ρ(总氮),ρ(总磷)及ρ(COD_Cr)均超标,水质呈弱碱性,ρ(硝态氮)(1.10～2.39 mg/L)均高于ρ(铵态氮)(0.30～1.70 mg/L),80%的采样点水质为劣Ⅴ类,水质污染严重,且以氮污染为主;底泥中w(总氮)为2.78～6.30 g/kg,其随沉积深度的增加而减少,说明河道污染负荷有逐年加重的趋势;底泥中w(铵态氮)为37.2～228.0 mg/kg,其随沉积深度的增加而增加,说明铵态氮的沉积量在逐年减少;底泥中w(硝态氮)为13.1～69.4 mg/kg,其在各点的剖面变化趋势不尽相同,这可能与河道水体流动性较大有关. 相关性分析和空间关系分析显示,虽然上覆水中各形态氮含量和底泥表层中各形态氮含量点位对应的关系不显著,但在空间上存在一定的关联性,即由于水体的流动性,使得底泥到上覆水的氮含量高值区有从东向西迁移的趋势.      

Assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran emissions from a hazardous waste incineration plant using long-term sampling equipment

The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of a continuous monitoring system for the analysis of the mass concentration of PCDD/Fs from stationary sources. Data was acquired from a modern, state of the art, hazardous waste thermal treatment plant for a period of more than 2 years using a commercial available continuous monitoring system. The study consisted of a total of 16 samples, collected in periods from 1 week to 2 months resulting in an average of 360 m³ sampled flue gas per sample. The study showed the system was able to confirm that for a period of more than 2 years the plant was complying with the limit of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm³. In addition, the data showed the typical fingerprint of such installations which is useful for example in impact studies. Long-term samples were compared to five short-term samples (6 h) collected every 6 months during the study period. Principal component analysis was applied to PCDD/Fs obtained data as useful statistical tool to find out trends and similarities between different samples. Improvement in terms of representativeness of data was achieved through continuous assessment since the starts of the project. The obtained data was further used to determine the emission factor for this activity and the total annual PCDD/Fs release to the atmosphere.     

Multi-Decadal Changes in Snow Characteristics in Sub-Arctic Sweden

A unique long term, 49-year record (divided into three time periods 1961–1976, 1977–1992, and 1993–2009) of snow profile stratigraphy from the Swedish sub Arctic, was analyzed with a focus on changes in snow characteristics. The data set contained grain size, snow layer hardness, grain compactness, and snow layer dryness, observed every second week during the winter season. The results showed an increase in very hard snow layers, with harder snow in early winter and more moist snow during spring. There was a striking increase in the number of observations with very hard snow at ground level over time. More than twice as many occasions with hard snow at ground level were observed between 1993 and 2009 compared to previous years, which may have a significant effect on plants and animals. The changes in snow characteristics are most likely a result of the increasing temperatures during the start and the end of the snow season.     

Modeling vehicle emissions in different types of Chinese cities: importance of vehicle fleet and local features

We propose a method to simulate vehicle emissions in Chinese cities of different sizes and development stages. Twenty two cities are examined in this study. The target year is 2007. Among the cities, the vehicle emission factors were remarkably different (the highest is 50-90% higher than the lowest) owing to their distinct local features and vehicle technology levels, and the major contributors to total vehicle emissions were also different. A substantial increase in vehicle emissions is foreseeable unless stronger measures are implemented because the benefit of current policies can be quickly offset by the vehicle growth. Major efforts should be focused on all cities, especially developing cities where the requirements are lenient. This work aims a better understanding of vehicle emissions in all types of Chinese cities. The proposed method could benefit national emission inventory studies in improving accuracy and help in designing national and local policies for vehicle emission control.     

上向流曝气生物滤池水头损失沿程分布与动态特性

对比考察了天然斜发沸石、页岩陶粒和石灰岩碎石填料曝气生物滤池的水头损失增长规律,分析了3种滤池水头损失的空间分布特征和动态变化特性,探讨了截留固体累积量对水头损失发展的影响规律。结果表明,沸石、陶粒和石灰岩曝气生物滤池均具有较好的有机物和SS沿程去除能力,并与水头损失的沿程分布密切相关;滤池内部TSS的沿程变化趋势和水头损失沿程分布趋势基本一致;曝气生物滤池的水头损失随着反应器运行时间的延长而缓慢增加,当滤床内TSS积累量增加到一定程度时,气体的滤床驻留率增加,并与TSS积累协同作用,滤床局部孔隙率迅速下降,水头损失迅速越升。曝气生物滤池的反冲洗首先应着眼于解决滤床的局部孔隙率过低问题,然后以气洗促进颗粒碰撞,气水联合提高剪切力,最后水漂洗排出TSS和气泡。     

Estimating the contribution of industrial facilities to annual PM10 concentrations at industrially influenced sites

If measures to reduce the industrial discharge of PM10 shall be planned with high accuracy, a first step must be to estimate the contribution of single industrial facilities to the overall PM10 burden as accurately as possible. In northern Duisburg as an example, an area where iron and steel producing industry is concentrated, PM10 was measured at 4 sampling sites very close to an industrial complex of blast furnaces, a sinter plant, oxygen steel works and a coke oven plant for 9 months in 2006. At two sites metals in PM10 were determined. The results, together with analytical data of urban background sites in the region and data of wind direction and wind speed were used for an estimation of the contribution of single plants to the PM10 burden. A careful analysis of the data showed, that the data of PM10, calcium, iron and zinc measured at two sites close to the industrial area and information about the urban background aerosol were sufficient to calculate the PM10 contribution of the main single plants. The data could be compared with those of modelling.     

Effective pollutant emission heights for atmospheric transport modelling based on real-world information

Emission data needed as input for the operation of atmospheric models should not only be spatially and temporally resolved. Another important feature is the effective emission height which significantly influences modelled concentration values. Unfortunately this information, which is especially relevant for large point sources, is usually not available and simple assumptions are often used in atmospheric models. As a contribution to improve knowledge on emission heights this paper provides typical default values for the driving parameters stack height and flue gas temperature, velocity and flow rate for different industrial sources. The results were derived from an analysis of the probably most comprehensive database of real-world stack information existing in Europe based on German industrial data. A bottom-up calculation of effective emission heights applying equations used for Gaussian dispersion models shows significant differences depending on source and air pollutant and compared to approaches currently used for atmospheric transport modelling.     

Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines

Rice is a widely grown crop in Asia. China (30%) and India (21%) contribute to about half of the world's total rice production. In this study, three major rice-producing countries in Asia are considered, India, Thailand and the Philippines (the later two contributing 4% and 2% of the world's rice production). Rice straw is one of the main field based residues produced along with this commodity and its applications vary widely in the region. Although rice production practises vary from one country to another, open burning of straw is a common practice in these countries.In this study, an approach was followed aiming at (a) determining the quantity of rice straw being subject to open field burning in those countries, (b) congregating pollutant specific emissions factors for rice straw burning, and (c) quantifying the resulting air pollutant emissions. Uncertainties in the results obtained as compared to a global approach are also discussed.     

Long-term air monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) in the Alps

Atmospheric sampling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was conducted using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) deployed in the Alps at different altitudinal transects for two consecutive exposure periods of half a year and a third simultaneous year-long period. Along all the altitude profiles, the sequestered amounts of OCPs increased in general with altitude. SPMDs were still working as kinetic samplers after half a year for the majority of the OCPs. However, compounds with the lowest octanol-air partition coefficient (K_oa), reached equilibrium within six months. This change in the SPMD uptake was determined for the temperature gradient along the altitude profile influencing K_oa, OCPs availability in the gaseous phase, and SPMD performance. In sum, it seems two effects are working in parallel along the altitude profiles: the change in SPMD performance and the different availability of OCPs along the altitudinal transects determined by their compound properties and concentrations in air.