含氧替代燃料燃烧污染物排放特点浅析

综合分析了含氧替代燃料的来源、成份和燃烧后尾气排放特性．着重阐述了含氧替代燃料应用中污染物排放特点：虽然含氧替代燃料燃烧过程中二氧化硫、一氧化碳、炭氢化合物和煤烟等常规污染物排放明显降低，但醇和醛类等非常规污染物排放会明显增加，这些非常规污染物的排放及环境影响在国内还没有引起足够的重视，需要对含氧替代燃料应用过程中非常规污染物的排放特性及抑制机理进行更深入的研究。     

铝型材挤压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统开发与应用

基于对型材挤压特点的详尽分析 ,提出了铝型材挤压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统功能模型并确定了基于UG和ANSYS平台的系统集成方案 ,对关键软件模块进行二次开发 ,在此基础上对平模挤压折角、槽型材和分流组合模挤压扁管型材进行了分析。     

上海市空气中NOx的污染现状及分担率

借鉴国外计算模型和方法，结合调查统计与现场测试，开展了上海市NOx排放的系统研究。结果表明：1998年上海市各类固定源和流动源共排放NOx37.7万t，其中工业固定源排放占总量的71%；在中心城区，机动车排放已成为NOx污染的主要来源，占该地区机动车和固定源排放总量的74%。     

铝型材挤压模具优化设计现状和趋势

简要叙述了铝型材挤压模具设计现状和趋势,说明了数值模拟在铝型材挤压模具设计优化中的意义,并针对国内外对此所做的工作,提出了一些看法.     

湖南攸县典型煤矿和工厂区水稻田土壤镉污染特征及污染途径分析

为了解湖南攸县水稻田土壤镉污染特征及污染途径,选择煤矿区、煤矿工厂区和工厂区三类典型样地进行农田土壤、灌溉水渠底泥及典型含Cd工业产品和副产品如煤、煤矸石和水泥等介质中Cd含量的分析研究.结果表明:1三类样地农田和表层自然土壤以及灌溉渠底泥中的平均Cd含量都超过了土壤环境质量标准0.3 mg·kg-1,煤矿区和煤矿工厂区的煤矸石Cd含量以及工厂区的水泥Cd含量都与相应自然土壤中含量相似,工厂区Cd的大气沉降通量较高;2三类样地土壤Cd剖面垂直分布差异明显,煤矿区和煤矿工厂区0~40 cm剖面的农田土壤Cd较自然土壤高,煤矿区农田和自然土壤中的Cd垂直向下迁移的潜力较高;3煤矿工厂区和工厂区点源下风向农田表土Cd含量明显比上风向低;4攸县煤矿区和煤矿工厂区农田土壤Cd的灌溉水输入途径较为重要,而煤矿工厂区和工厂区农田土壤Cd的大气输入途径也较为明显.     

Transformation and removal of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip from selective catalytic reduction in wet flue gas desulfurization system

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration may increase the emission of NH₄⁺ and NH₃. The removal and transformation characteristics of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip during the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) process, as well as the effect of desulfurization parameters, were investigated in an experimental system equipped with a simulated SCR flue gas generation system and a limestone-based WFGD system. The results indicate that the ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip in the flue gas from SCR can be partly removed by slurry scrubbing, while the entrainment and evaporation of desulfurization slurry with accumulated NH₄⁺ will generate new ammonium-containing particles and gaseous ammonia. The ammonium-containing particles formed by desulfurization are not only derived from the entrainment of slurry droplets, but also from the re-condensation of gaseous ammonia generated by slurry evaporation. Therefore, even if the concentration of NH₄⁺ in the desulfurization slurry is quite low, a high level of NH₄⁺ was still contained in the fine particles at the outlet of the scrubber. When the accumulated NH₄⁺ in the desulfurization slurry was high enough, the WFGD system promoted the conversion of NH₃ to NH₄⁺ and increased the additional emission of primary NH₄⁺ aerosols. With the decline of the liquid/gas ratio and flue gas temperature, the removal efficiency of ammonia sulfate aerosols increased, and the NH₄⁺ emitted from entrainment and evaporation of the desulfurization slurry decreased. In addition, the volatile ammonia concentration after the WFGD system was reduced with the decrease of the NH₄⁺ concentration and pH values of the slurry.     

Simulation of three-stage operating temperature for supersaturation water-based condensational growth tube

In order to realize accurate dynamic control of supersaturation and to study condensation growth characteristics of nanoparticles through different levels of super saturation,a series of parametric analyses and systematic comparisons between two-stage and three-stage operating temperature designs were simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics.The simulation results showed that the three-stage operating temperature did not change peak supersaturation compared with two operating temperatures,and the three-stage operating temperature was superior in decreasing the amount of water vapor and the temperature,thus lowering particle loss and variation in detection and collection.The peak supersaturation level increased by 0.3 as the flow rate increased from 0.6 to 2.0 L/min,but the supersaturation peak moved from 0.0027 z0 to 0.08 z0(i.e.,the growth time and the final size decreased by 40%).Peak supersaturation increased as the temperature difference increased or the temperature difference window was shifting left,and minimum activation size decreased.Shifting the 70℃temperature difference window from 9℃,79℃-1℃,71℃for the condenser and initiator temperatures resulted in peak supersaturation in the centerline being above 5.8,and the activation size changed as low as 1 nm.Experiments with flow rates varying by a factor of 2.5(from 0.6 to 1.5 L/min) resulted in a final size decrease of 43%(from 3.2 to 1.8 μm),and experimental results of outlet particle size distributions were equivalent with theoretical analysis as the operating temperature was changed.     

Evaluating the emission status of light-duty gasoline vehicles and motorcycles in Macao with real-world remote sensing measurement

Roadside remote sensing measurement was used to explore the real-world emission status of light duty gasoline vehicles （LDGVs） and motorcycles in Macao. Both fuel-based and distance-based emission factors were derived using the mass balance method. The emission concentration profile of LDGVs illustrated the benefits of tightening emission standards at the source country or region of import. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered before 2000 were 8.00, 1.04 and 1.36 g/km, respectively. The distance-based emission factors for CO, HC and NOx of LDGVs registered in or after 2000 were 1.16, 0.15 and 0.18 g/km, respectively. The fuel-based CO emission factors of light duty motorcycles （LDMCs） and heavy duty motorcycles （HDMCs） registered before 2000 were about 10 times higher than those of LDGVs of the same age group. As the emissions of LDGVs decreased more quickly after 2000, the gap widens for newer vehicles. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered before 2000 were 4.81 and 2.91 g/km, respectively. The distance-based HC emission factors of LDMCs and HDMCs registered in or after 2000 were 3.52 and 0.93 g/km, respectively. The poor emission performance of motorcycles and their larger share in the traffic flow will cause them to be the major contributor to traffic CO and HC emissions. LDMCs, especially two-stroke models, should be the priority for vehicle emission control efforts in Macao.     

三江源地区高寒草地土壤功能的水平分异特征及其沿发生层的垂直变化

三江源地区是研究土壤生态系统功能响应气候变化的热点区域.为了研究三江源地区高寒草地土壤剖面功能特征和驱动机制沿发生层的差异,分析了高寒草地土壤剖面不同发生层的土壤功能指标(包括呼吸、氮转化速率和酶活等)以及与环境因子之间的相关关系.结果表明,土壤功能特征在高寒草甸和高寒草原之间不存在显著差异,表层土相比于深层土具有更高的呼吸、氮转化速率和酶活.土壤理化性质中全氮含量是不同发生层土壤功能特征的关键驱动因子,分别解释了土壤功能特征18.3%、21.4%和27.5%的水平分异.气候和植被因子主要在表层土中通过改变土壤理化性质间接影响土壤功能,但是大气氮沉降在深层土中对土壤功能仍存在影响.结果显示,三江源地区高寒草地土壤表现出显著的氮受限特征,为全球气候变化背景下土壤功能多样性的维持和对气候变化的响应提供了新的见解.     

西南喀斯特山区寿竹林地土壤微生物量与酶活性在不同坡位和剖面层次的分布特征

以重庆市梁平县城东乡云佛村寿竹(Dip)林地为研究对象,分析了不同坡位[上坡(US)、中坡(MS)、下坡(BS)]和剖面[表层(0~15 cm),底层(15~30 cm)]土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)、微生物碳熵、氮熵(qMBC、qMBN)、土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALK)、脲酶(URE)、蔗糖酶(INV)之间的关系.结果表明,在不同坡位下,表层土壤SMBC、SMBN、qMBC、qMBN、CAT和INV表现为BS>MS>US,ALK呈BS>US>MS,URE呈MS>US>BS;底层土壤SMBC和qMBC呈MS>BS>US,SMBN、qMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV呈BS>MS>US.在不同土壤层次下,SMBC、SMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV均表现为表层>底层;qMBC和qMBN表现为底层>表层.相关分析表明,不同坡位和剖面层次土壤微生物碳氮与土壤酶活性、含水率之间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关.从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,SMBC随着土壤CAT和ALK的增加而增加,随着pH的增大而减小;SMBN则随着INV和ALK的增加而增加.